Original Research Paper
Electronic learning- virtual
E. Jafari; M. RezaeiZadeh,; R. Shahverdi,; B. Bandali; M. Abolghasemi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, teachers need a set of broader and more complex qualifications than before. In order for e-learning to be successful, front-line teachers must employ the necessary technological knowledge and effective pedagogical strategies to use ICT in the classroom. Also, to accompany ...
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Background and Objectives: Today, teachers need a set of broader and more complex qualifications than before. In order for e-learning to be successful, front-line teachers must employ the necessary technological knowledge and effective pedagogical strategies to use ICT in the classroom. Also, to accompany young learners in the development of digital competences, it is necessary that their teachers have the necessary digital literacy and competence in the first place. Therefore, digital competence is one of the key competences for teachers. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of digital educational competencies of teachers based on the European Union framework.Methods: The current research design was quantitative and the participants in the research were 182 teachers from all over the country from 20 provinces and 46 different cities. To evaluate the digital educational competencies of teachers, a virtual workshop entitled "Teacher; On the way to digitalization" was held. After introducing and explaining each competence, the teacher provided the question related to the competence to the participants through the link of Google form, so that the questionnaire could be completed in this way. The questionnaire included 3 general competencies and 10 sub-competencies. Each competency had three levels: Novice and Explorer, Expert and Integrator, and Leader and Pioneer. In fact, the teacher evaluated him/herself based on these three levels of each competency.Findings: The results showed that the competence status of teachers' digital resources in the field of managing, protecting and sharing digital resources and creating and modifying digital resources was at the level of "novice and explorer" and "integrator and expert", respectively. In relation to teaching and learning competence, except self-regulated learning competence, which was at the "novice and explorer" level, other competences were at the "integrator and expert" level. Competence of "assessment strategies" and "analyzing evidence" was also at the level of "novice and explorer". Regarding other competencies, no significant relationship between levels was observed. Also, no significant relationship was found between demographic components (occupation, age, gender, and province) and competencies.Conclusion: In the current research, in addition to familiarizing the teachers with this framework and the types of digital competencies they need in the teaching profession, the evaluation of the digital competencies of the participants was also considered. Since the evaluation was done along with the training, it can be said with more confidence that the obtained data was more accurate. Also, evaluating teachers' digital competencies based on a spectrum or progression model helps to better and more accurately evaluate teachers and develop their digital competencies. In this case, training will be need-based and personalized in some way. Also, investigating the relationship between demographic components and the state of competencies leads to a more accurate understanding of the current situation of teachers in the country. In general, the results of using this self-evaluation can be used to adjust training courses and empower teachers and help teachers' educational preparation. One of the suggestions of this research for future researchers is to consider the evaluation of other competencies of the DigCompEdu framework. In the current research, the main focus was on basic competencies, that is, digital resources, teaching and learning, and assessment.
Original Research Paper
Gamification
R. Tohand; M. Alinejad; B. Daneshmand
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The gamification approach is one of the newest and most attractive developments in recent years, which has been effective in various fields, including education. This approach attracted the attention of its audience by creating excitement and interaction. Gamification means ...
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Background and Objectives: The gamification approach is one of the newest and most attractive developments in recent years, which has been effective in various fields, including education. This approach attracted the attention of its audience by creating excitement and interaction. Gamification means the application of game elements and components in a non-game situation, which, according to an attractive and predetermined process, considers certain goals. The gamification approach with the effectiveness of the curriculum created a dynamic and interactive environment for the learners and improved their educational and learning status in a suitable context. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the experiences of experts in connection with the application of the elements of the gamification approach in the higher education curriculum.Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using a phenomenological (descriptive) approach in the year 1401. In this study, a deep question was posed to experts to obtain their experiences, and if necessary, elements of the gamification approach were explained for the interviewees to express their experiences related to them. The participants included experts from across the country who were involved in education, research, the production of electronic content for higher education systems related to gamification. Based on targeted sampling and snowball technique, 18 participants were identified at the national level. The interviews, which lasted for one hour each, continued until theoretical saturation was reached. After conducting and recording the interviews, they were transcribed full. The transcriptions were then reviewed multiple times, comparing the text with the audio, and subsequently subjected to a coding and analysis system.Findings: Based on the experts' experiences, the elements of gamification approach that can be employed in higher education curriculum were as follows: Create excitement (presenting engaging content, using active teaching methods, behavioral cues, competitions and questionnaires, adventure and avoiding repetition), Create partnership and interaction (instructor with learners, utilizing virtual space, through content and among learners), Create competition (group competitions, time constraints, individual competitions, and lottery-based competitions), Create motivation (creative techniques, fostering intrinsic motivation, fostering extrinsic motivation, motivational statements), Provide feedback (appropriate feedback for effort, qualitative feedback, immediate feedback after the test), Scoring (opportunity for remediation, progress bar, irregular scoring, and role determination), Rewarding (giving rewards, types of incentives, designing certificates, and awarding them), Create challenge (by posing questions and using tools), Determining rules and regulations (setting multidimensional goals for the lesson and announcing them at the beginning of the term, drawing a roadmap by the teacher, and sweet penalty) and Leveling (leveling the content and progressing step by step from easy to difficult, from concrete to abstract, from known to unknown).Conclusion: The gamification approach has elements that, by implementing it in the curriculum of higher education, could lead to the attractiveness and dynamism of teaching and facilitate the learning process. Therefore, it is possible to use the experiences of the experts of the gamification approach in the educational process to change the class from a dry and boring teacher-centered atmosphere, go out and use the elements of the gamification approach to move towards inclusiveness and make the learning process attractive, enjoyable and lasting. This approach has paid special attention to the audience and their interests and considered the participation and interaction of learners to put learning in a happy, attractive, active and effective process.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
F. Effati; S.M. Shobeiri; H. Barzegar; M. Rezaee
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Education and improvement of human behavior with their surroundings, is the key to solving environmental crises. This shows the necessity of implementing environmental education programs on a large scale through electronic learning for citizens. In order to successfully implement ...
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Background and Objectives: Education and improvement of human behavior with their surroundings, is the key to solving environmental crises. This shows the necessity of implementing environmental education programs on a large scale through electronic learning for citizens. In order to successfully implement e-learning, it is necessary to design a suitable model; therefore, the purpose of this research was to design and validate the model of e-learning in environmental-citizenship training.Methods: This study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating the e-learning model in environmental citizenship training. This study was exploratory in terms of thematic nature and applied and developmental in terms of objective. This study was carried out in two phases; in the first phase, which was done with the meta-synthesis method, related domestic and foreign research available in the databases and libraries of universities or government centers were investigated and semi- structural exploratory interviews were used. According to the inclusion criteria, the content review was done on 150 researches, and 22 experts were selected to be interviewed in a purposive way using MAXQDA. The kappa coefficient (or Cohen's kappa) was used to measure reliability as well. In the second phase of the research, the validation of the model was done using a 5-point Likert scale survey, which was given to 42 experts in education, environment, electronic education, citizenship education, and in the second step, after collecting information, the data were analyzed using the method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach.Findings: Using the meta-synthesis method in the qualitative part of the research, 15 components and 49 items related to the EEC model of the environmental citizen were extracted. Cohen's kappa coefficient confirmed 0.95 reliability of the designed model, which was at the level of excellent agreement. According to the findings of the quantitative part of the research, all factor loadings in this model were evaluated as very favorable or acceptable. The value of Cronbach's alpha for all components was above 0.7 and the combined reliability value for all variables of the model was above 0.6, which indicated good internal reliability. The average amount of extracted variance in all of the model structures was above 0.5; therefore, the divergent validity of the model was also confirmed. The coefficient of determination R2 for all of the model structures was evaluated as significant, and the appropriateness of the fit of the structural model was confirmed. The extracted effect size also showed that the quality of the system (Q2=0.795) had the greatest impact on the model. The values of t in all paths of the model were greater than 1.96. According to the results obtained from the modeling of structural equations based on the partial least squares method, there was a positive and significant relationship in the designed paths between the components of the model.Conclusion: The items and components introduced in the design of the proposed model were also approved by experts. The designed model can be effective as a management tool in strengthening the provision of useful training and improving educational performance in this field. Also, the development of such models can help the decision makers as a guide to improve the education process to adopt a suitable policy for investing effective factors in the adoption and development of this educational approach.
Original Research Paper
Technology-based learning environments
Z. Sharei; H. Haji abadi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Innovation has become one of the key skills of organizations to deal with changes in the external environment. The development of theoretical foundations and requirements of management performance shows that the mechanism of employee innovation should be examined from the perspective ...
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Background and Objectives: Innovation has become one of the key skills of organizations to deal with changes in the external environment. The development of theoretical foundations and requirements of management performance shows that the mechanism of employee innovation should be examined from the perspective of active planning and self-management of employees. Based on the goal-oriented theory, which focuses on initiative and spontaneity, a theoretical basis can be provided to study how to actively manage and promote innovation by employees. Therefore, for the education organization, knowing goal-oriented employees and investigating the effect of this feature on innovative performance can be very important and lay the groundwork for improving innovative performance in this organization. It is worth noting that many studies only focus on the single factor of employee innovation performance while innovative performance requires employees who are creative and whose goals are compatible with the organization's goals. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the effect of creative personality and goal orientation on innovative performance.Methods: The current research was a part of applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it was included in the category of descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this research consisted of 500 education workers and teachers from Darmian. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 217 people, and the questionnaires were distributed in a simple random manner. The data collection tool was the standard goal orientation questionnaire with dimensions of goal learning, proof of performance, and avoidance of performance by Vande (1997), the innovative performance questionnaire by Zhou and George (2001), and Goff's creative personality questionnaire (1979) with a five-point Likert scale. Hypotheses were tested by structural equation modeling method in PLS 3 software and model fit was examined.Findings: The findings showed goal learning orientation, performance proof orientation, and creative personality had a positive and significant effect on innovative performance while the effect of performance avoidance orientation on innovative performance is inverse (T>1.96). Also, the findings showed that goal orientation played a mediating role in the relationship between creative personality and innovative performance (T > 1.96)، but did not moderate this relationship (T < 1.96).Conclusion: When teachers and education staff have a learning goal-oriented approach, they seek to increase their skills and acquire new information about how to do their work and teaching, and they do not need to be rewarded by the organization because of their sense of self-satisfaction and superiority, they seek information to improve the way they do their work. Also, due to the orientation of performance proof, these teachers and staff show interest in learning new ways of doing tasks and welcome learning new skills, which provide the ground for innovative performance of teachers and staff. If learning is only to avoid failure, and teachers and staff turn to learning because their abilities are not questioned، it cannot encourage them to perform innovatively. In the middle education organization and the teachers working in this city, creative personality traits can improve innovative performance, people with creative personalities are not afraid of taking risks and at the same time they only try to do things correctly and meaningfully, this trait is for teachers. It can be very helpful in teaching if they can teach and behave according to the lesson and class environment and create creativity and innovation in students with their innovative performance. So, it can be said that teachers and staff who are creative by using skills acquisition and knowledge exchange and learning new solutions to perform tasks can have an innovative performance, but if they are afraid of asking questions and uncertainties and to avoid the inability to solve problems with other teachers and employees who do not exchange knowledge may not be able to produce innovative performance. According to the obtained results, if the education organization can stimulate and adjust the self-management awareness and goal orientation of teachers and employees through a series of actions, it will play a greater role in improving human resources and achieving sustainable growth.
Original Research Paper
Electronic learning- virtual
Z. Khorang; R. Esfanjari Kenari; Z. Amiri
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The digital divide, like other social divides, forms a kind of social inequality. This form of social divide is the gap in access to digital tools and digital skills. Inequalities in access to digital tools and knowledge and skills can increase social and educational inequalities ...
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Background and Objectives: The digital divide, like other social divides, forms a kind of social inequality. This form of social divide is the gap in access to digital tools and digital skills. Inequalities in access to digital tools and knowledge and skills can increase social and educational inequalities by transferring students from school to the labor market, and also affect the rate of migration from rural to urban areas. As schools resume education and restrictions are lifted, understanding how developing digital skills during the Covid-19 pandemic may exacerbate social and educational inequalities for some students is becoming more important. Because students in the same classrooms may have different learning. In fact, the extent to which citizens benefit from digital and media tools determines their position and place in the society and the spatial structure of the village and city. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the digital divide of virtual education of students in Alborz province during the Covid-19 pandemic.Methods: The current research was practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of the nature and method and was a documentary-field study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included the students of the central part of Karaj city in 1400, a questionnaire was used to collect the necessary information, the required data was obtained by completing 196 questionnaires and using the stratified sampling method. In the current study, the digital divide was measured with four levels of physical access, skill access, how to use computers and the Internet, and the level of motivational access. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of data distribution, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to check the mean comparisons. The studied sample included government schools, private schools, gifted students' schools and board of trustees.Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference among students in terms of access to virtual learning opportunities during the covid-19 pandemic. Rural students compared to urban students had a higher gap in all four levels of physical access, skill, usage and motivation. Also, according to the findings, there was a significant statistical relationship between the geography of the place of residence and the challenges of online learning in the four levels of access mentioned. It was also observed that students who study in government schools have a significantly higher digital divide than the students who study in other schools. The results showed that the level of parents' education has a statistically significant effect on the digital gap of students, and female students have a smaller digital divide compared to male students. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that the current and future political efforts should be made with the aim of supporting rural students with disadvantaged social and economic backgrounds so that they not only physically access the Internet and other digital tools, but also acquire the necessary skills to learn and use the Internet. These solutions can be a tool to reduce social inequalities in education in different geographical areas. The digital divide can weaken the social wealth and even erode it. If it is not resolved or at least not reduced, it may have harmful economic, cultural, social and political effects for the rural society. Therefore, it is suggested that by developing the infrastructure and increasing the level of digital literacy of students, the ground will be prepared for the reduction of digital divide. Also, it is necessary to make political efforts with the priority of supporting rural students with disadvantaged social and economic backgrounds to be a tool to reduce the digital divide.
Original Research Paper
Technology-based learning environments
M. Jafari; M.S. Ghoraishi khorasgani; P. Samadi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the most important missions of education is the balanced education of researching and creative students with entrepreneurial spirit and thinking. In this regard, the vision and fundamental transformation document of education emphasizes the importance of cultivating ...
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Background and Objectives: One of the most important missions of education is the balanced education of researching and creative students with entrepreneurial spirit and thinking. In this regard, the vision and fundamental transformation document of education emphasizes the importance of cultivating creative and innovative individuals who possess the necessary skills to contribute to science, technology, and entrepreneurship. Based on this importance and emphasis of upstream documents, therefore, schools should play a pivotal role in developing features such as creativity, self-confidence, futurism, risk-taking, and the tendency towards success (entrepreneurial spirit) in students. Promoting entrepreneurial thinking in schools leads to responsibility, increased creativity in achieving goals and discovering new opportunities, and academic and entrepreneurial skills in students. The present research investigated the role of smart and non-smart schools in promoting entrepreneurial thinking among students.Methods: The present study was applied in purpose, quantitative in approach, and comparative causal. The statistical population includes 690 female students from smart and non-smart high schools in Qazvin city. Using the cluster sampling method, 266 students from each group were selected as the research sample. To collect the data, the researchers used a questionnaire consisting of five main components and 20 items. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by three experts in the field of study. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was obtained as 0.779. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk Test, one-way multivariate of variance test and Levene's test.Findings: The findings indicated that female students in smart schools had higher levels of entrepreneurial thinking in five main components: creative thinking (7.243), independence seeking (6.059), opportunity seeking (7.642), risk-taking (6.473), and internal control locus (5.513) compared to non-smart schools. In general, schools that used modern smart technologies have developed competencies such as creative thinking, independence seeking, opportunity seeking, risk-taking, and internal control locus in students. As a result, students in smart schools felt more successful, motivated, and confident in creating new ideas, ultimately leading to the promotion and emergence of entrepreneurial thinking.Conclusion: Since the entrepreneurial thinking as the basic power of the human mind is one of the main goals of schools and educational centers, therefore schools should be able to provide a suitable platform for the flourishing of characteristics such as; It provided students with creativity, self-confidence, foresight, risk-taking and entrepreneurial spirit. Because, global competition and the need of future jobs for skilled and efficient people show the necessity of creating an entrepreneurial culture in schools. To achieve this goal in the country, it is necessary to raise awareness, promote the culture of entrepreneurship and provide the necessary infrastructure in education. To promote entrepreneurial thinking among students, schools should implement practical teaching methods, team-based and active participation teaching methods, electronic content development of entrepreneurship in multimedia format, periodic feedback on student performance, delegation of school responsibilities, limited options for students, independent problem-solving, and entrepreneurial internships for students.
Original Research Paper
Technology-based learning environments
M. Ghorbanzadeh; M Golabchi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Educational technology is divided into three main areas, instrumental, content, and management. The purpose of educational content technology is to create and expand knowledge in order to define educational patterns and methods. The verification of qualitative skills such as ...
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Background and Objectives: Educational technology is divided into three main areas, instrumental, content, and management. The purpose of educational content technology is to create and expand knowledge in order to define educational patterns and methods. The verification of qualitative skills such as architecture can only be done with the help of quantification through the hierarchical definition of design and learning methods. It is necessary to explore patterns and processes in the content technology of structural architecture education, which, while being suitable for teaching students of this field, are compatible with the contemporary content educational technology, which is based on constructivism. These patterns in two general parts, learning processes (and in its subset: education) and structural architecture design processes are separated. These two areas, focusing on the content technology of architecture education, have been considered by many design researchers. Their studies emphasize simulating teaching and architectural design to a research and discovery. This discovery that took place in the form of a cyclical and evolving process, in order to benefit from all the primary generators, included the structure, in improving the architectural concept. A detailed examination of these studies and especially their emphasis on the continuous transformation of the explicit and implicit knowledge of the structure, leads to a detailed understanding of the design process of constructible architecture and the requirements of its learning environment, which is discussed in this article. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to clarify the design process of structural architecture and the requirements of its learning and teaching processes, based on the theory of SCEI, as elements of the content technology of architecture education and for their application in the workshop environments of architecture education.Methods: In this article, firstly, by knowing the theory of structural architecture, the roles of structure in architecture were determined. Then, with the help of the qualitative content analysis method, in the studies of the architectural design process, the main features of structural architecture processes were extracted. In the qualitative content analysis method, first, the unit of analysis should be among the seven main elements, namely, words, themes, characters, paragraphs, items, concepts and symbols should be specified. In this article, the selected analysis unit were words and categories. For this purpose, key words were extracted from the researchers' design opinions and divided in the form of categories in such a way that the semantic content of the researcher's intended design could be specified with the help of a holistic interpretation and from it, in order to know the process of learning, teaching and designing structural architecture. With the help of this method and using a holistic interpretation, first the characteristics of the constructivist learning environment and the learning process in this environment were extracted, and according to the SCEI theory and its strategies, how the education process transformed the explicit and implicit knowledge of the structure. Finally, the design process of structural architecture was refined by focusing on the main known features.Findings: With the help of qualitative content analysis method and then focusing on holistic interpretation, this article identified the characteristics of structural architecture design process and the requirements of its learning environment. Based on the theory of knowledge transformation and especially specifying the role of the teacher in this knowledge transformation, it was determined that in the educational environments of the field of architecture, if there is a constructive teaching and learning process, it can be developed in a continuous cycle with the continuous transformation of tacit knowledge and through the strategies of socialization, externalization, combination and internalization, the structure was explicitly approached to ideation in structural architecture, and in this case, the basical, functional and dramatical roles of the structure would be taken into consideration by the designer. Also, with regard to the parts of the learning process of structural architecture extracted from the article, it was found that the design process in this architecture had six specific stages: Analysis, Initial Conjectures, evaluation, review, Combination, Conjecture. These stages could be defined and identified in the form of an evolving cycle, and in total, they form the process cycle of structural architecture design, which was drawn at the end of the article. The results obtained from the above article would be used in order to update the content technology of architecture education in architecture studios.Conclusion: Improving the content technology of architectural education with the help of exploring the processes of learning, teaching and design of structural architecture, can provide the context for combining structural topics with architectural ideas and lead to the creation of structural architecture that meets the structural requirements and its implicit knowledge along with attention to the beauty and performance of architecture is considered. Architects and especially architecture students, in order to benefit from all the capabilities of the structure, in completing and advancing their concept, need to go through the design process in such a way that it is possible to address the different roles of the structure in the stage of making meaning in the mind and in the form to provide tacit (hidden) knowledge. The roles of the structure in architecture, by separating the implicit and explicit knowledge of the structure and familiarity with the process of their transformation and formation, find the ability to be present in the ideation of architects. Therefore, if in the matter of architectural education and design, during a certain process, attention is paid to the complementary cycle and the transformation of different knowledge into each other; It can be hoped that the final concept will approach the levels of structural architecture. Also, in order to teach such a process, the learning environment must have capabilities that provide the context for the continuous presence of the structure in the learner's ideas. Such environments approach constructivist learning environments and have specific requirements, the most important of which are dynamic and exploratory learning and paying attention to the position of the teacher as a motivation and questioner. A detailed understanding of these requirements in this article and paying attention to the learning and design processes with emphasis on the role of the teacher and the learner, along with the continuous use of implicit and explicit knowledge of structures in architecture, can improve the awareness of the teacher and the learner in order to advance their educational goals and the most important problem of content technology in the current architectural education - the ambiguity in the design and learning processes - could be resolved. In the processes of learning, teaching and design resulting from the article, special emphasis is placed on structured learning environments and the process of discovery and falsification, which is specifically in the form of seven specific stages in the learning process (initial contact, initial reception, supplementary reception, deep reception, control, transmission, awareness, and insight) and continuous transformation of tacit and explicit knowledge of the structure can be seen through four strategies. As a result of focusing on these two processes of learning and teaching, six specific stages in the form of the structural architecture design process (Analysis, Initial Conjectures, evaluation, review, Combination, Conjecture) are defined and verified at the end of the article. The application of the above process in the teaching of introductory courses in architecture improves architectural concepts to structural architecture.
Review Paper
Educational Technology
Z. Karami
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Humans in the 21st century face multiple challenges that require them to acquire certain skills in order to overcome them. Some tools, such as art and technology, create unique capabilities for education that can be used to address the challenges of the 21st century. The purpose ...
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Background and Objectives: Humans in the 21st century face multiple challenges that require them to acquire certain skills in order to overcome them. Some tools, such as art and technology, create unique capabilities for education that can be used to address the challenges of the 21st century. The purpose of this article was to describe the approach of technological artistic education for developing 21st-century skills in students.Methods: This study was a qualitative research conducted in a meta-synthesis approach. In the first step, reputable foreign scientific databases (such as ScienceDirect, Springer, Google Scholar, Eric, Taylor and Francis, etc.) and domestic databases were searched using specific keywords and terms such as cognitive flexibility theory, electronic and virtual learning environments, cognitive flexibility, principles and criteria of cognitive flexibility theory, etc., within the specified time range from 1992 to 2020. All relevant articles and texts were collected. In the end, 120 documents were found, of which 60 documents were relevant to the research questions. After careful reading of the texts, the necessary information was extracted according to the research questions. For data analysis, thematic analysis method was used, and inter-coder reliability was assessed using the agreement method between two coders.Findings: Based on the findings, the conceptual model of artistic-technological education was presented to develop the necessary skills of individuals in the 21st century. The pattern consisted of five main sections (challenges of the 21st century, skills needed to face the challenges of the 21st century, tools required to cultivate 21st-century skills, methods of cultivating 21st-century skills, and art and technology-based activities for cultivating 21st-century skills), each of which also had sub-sections. According to this pattern, the challenges of the 21st century included technological challenges, the nature of work challenges, economic challenges, and social challenges. The skills needed to face the challenges of the 21st century included general skills and specialized skills. The tools required to cultivate 21st-century skills included artistic education tools and technological education tools. The methods of cultivating 21st-century skills included artistic education, technological education, and artistic-technological education. And the art and technology-based activities for cultivating 21st-century skills included artistic activities, technological activities, and combined artistic and technological activities (artistic-technological activities). In order to facilitate the implementation of the artistic-technological education model, two methods of combining art and technology in the formal and informal curriculum of schools and the integration of four-parts of art and technology in the curriculum of schools were suggested.Conclusion: By utilizing the benefits of art and technology, individuals can be trained to overcome the challenges of the 21st century. Artistic education and technological education alone have the capability to cultivate 21st-century skills, but by combining the two and implementing artistic technological education, more desirable results can be achieved. Integrating technology and art in the formal and informal curriculum of schools can help learners improve their creative thinking, problem-solving, critical thinking, and personal and interpersonal skills in order to overcome the challenges of the 21st century. The conceptual model of artistic technological education, with the integration of art and technology in the formal and informal curriculum of schools, and can help learners improve their superior thinking skills and overcome the challenges of this century by equipping themselves with the necessary skills for the 21st century.
Original Research Paper
Educational Technology - Blended Learning
E. Akbari; T. Yazdinejad; R. Nazari; M. Tatari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Blended learning is a pivotal concept within the realm of education, possessing immense significance. The advent of the Corona-virus pandemic has underscored the critical importance of this educational approach. Essentially, blended learning has emerged as a potent solution ...
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Background and Objectives: Blended learning is a pivotal concept within the realm of education, possessing immense significance. The advent of the Corona-virus pandemic has underscored the critical importance of this educational approach. Essentially, blended learning has emerged as a potent solution to address challenges and elevate the educational process. This study aimed to delve into teachers' perceptions of diverse educational models, with a particular emphasis on blended learning. The participants under scrutiny were teachers who have traversed both electronic and blended learning methods due to the exigencies of the recent COVID-19 crisis. The research sought to elucidate their preferences, efficacy assessments, interactions, engagement levels in the educational process, as well as their insights into the advantages and distinct characteristics of varying learning environments (including face-to-face, blended, and virtual).Methods: The research society encompassed all teachers spanning different educational tiers who engaged in e-learning/SHAD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among this pool, a total of 964 teachers voluntarily participated in the study. The data collection phase spanned a three-month duration and was executed via an online questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha method was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire with a value of more than 0.69. To check the construct validity, the questionnaire was administered to three university experts and three specialists from the Ministry of Education. After considering their feedback and necessary adjustments, the final questionnaire was formulated. The research team meticulously designed the questionnaire, drawing insights from pertinent literature and analogous survey instruments. Subsequently, the survey instrument was digitized using Google Forms. Employing a meticulously designed 5-point Likert scale, the respondents were tasked with evaluating statements that ranged from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" concerning face-to-face, blended, and virtual learning modalities. Furthermore, the participants were prompted to evaluate their experiences with traditional in-person learning preceding the pandemic and their encounters with online learning during the pandemic. Notably, the teachers were also solicited to express their proclivities for a particular learning approach and to prognosticate the learning model that might optimally serve students in the post-pandemic era. The ensuing data was subjected to rigorous analysis employing the SPSS22 statistical software, with the benchmark for statistical significance set at P < 0.05.Findings: Teachers, upon contemplation, considered blended learning as a potent educational facilitator, extolling its distinctive attributes. They derived satisfaction from the enriched learning environment it furnished and accentuated its inherently interactive nature. Concurrently, educators also acknowledged the corollary augmentation in workload and financial outlays that come hand in hand with blended instruction. Pertaining to their preferences for learning methodologies, the conventional face-to-face training garnered the highest average rank value, standing at 2.37. This outcome denotes its unequivocal preference. Blended learning occupied the subsequent position with a score of 2.22, trailed by virtual training with a score of 1.41. In the context of assessing the efficacy of blended learning and gauging active participation in the pedagogical process, the t-values conspicuously fell below 1.96. Furthermore, the significance levels corresponding to these variables unequivocally fell below the 0.05 threshold.Conclusion: Teachers proffer an affirmative perspective on the attributes of blended learning, particularly gravitating towards its propitious learning milieu and its role in expediting the educational process. Nonetheless, the dimension of effectiveness and the degree of engagement in the learning journey are not uniformly perceived as the hallmark strengths of blended learning. Thus, it is incumbent upon the stakeholders to orchestrate initiatives aimed at enhancing teachers' comprehension and perspectives vis-à-vis blended learning paradigms.
Original Research Paper
Educational Technology
S. Damsaz; K Taghipour; F. Mahmoodi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The development and establishment of instructional technologies in instructional environments is not enough merely due to its benefits, but it must be accepted by users. Acceptance of technology refers to the apparent interest among a group to use information and communication ...
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Background and Objectives: The development and establishment of instructional technologies in instructional environments is not enough merely due to its benefits, but it must be accepted by users. Acceptance of technology refers to the apparent interest among a group to use information and communication technologies in order to perform the tasks that these technologies are designed to support. Acceptance of technology by people who use it is one of the influential factors on its success, results, and positive effects for organizations. If the potential users of the technology resist its use, the desired goals cannot be achieved. One of the new technologies that has emerged in the Iran's education due to the Corona pandemic is SHAD system, which was created in line with electronic instruction for elementary schools. Since teachers have a key role in the effective use of the SHAD system in education and their perceptions and attitudes towards technology influence their effective use in the teaching and learning process, it is necessary to investigate the acceptance of the SHAD system among elementary school teachers. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting on the acceptance of the SHAD system among lementary school teachers in Tabriz.Methods: The research method was correlational-descriptive. The statistical population included all the elementary school teachers in the five districts of Tabriz; based on the Krejcie and Morgan table and using stratified random sampling, a total number of 343 people were included in the sample. Gardner & Amoroso’s technology acceptance questionnaire (2004) was used to collect the required data. To assess the diagnostic reliability of the factor loadings of the questionnaire items, Cronbach’s α, composite reliability (CR), and average variance extracted (AVE) were used. All questionnaire items were acceptable, well defined, and had a range of 0.66 to 0.95. Cronbach’s α for all constructs was above 0.7, indicating a very high reliability of the instrument and its sub-components. To assess the CR of each construct, the Dillon-Goldstein coefficient (ρc) was used. Since PLS uses the factor scores of the subjects for analysis unlike ordinary regression, it was necessary to consider the factor loadings of each item in calculating the validity index. Therefore, the acceptable values of ρc should be 0.7 or higher. To assess convergent validity, the AVE was used and the results showed that the construct of interest accounted for about 50 percent or more of the variance of its indicators. To assess the discriminant validity of the constructs, Fornell and Larcker (1981) suggest that the square root of the AVE of a construct should be greater than its correlation with other constructs. This indicated that the construct h a higher correlation with its own indicators than with other constructs. The results obtained showed that the indicators were valid for the constructs. All constructs showed adequate convergent validity, with AVE values above 0.5. All constructs showed satisfactory reliability, with CR and CA values above 0.7. "Structural Equation Modeling" was used to analyze the data.Findings: The results showed that the variables of perceived usefulness, attitude towards use, and voluntary use, unlike the variables of perceived ease of use and perceived complexity, had a significant relationship with the behavioral intention to use the SHAD system (acceptance of the SHAD system) and 69% of the variance of the behavioral intention to use the SHAD system was explained through these variables.Conclusion: In order to increase the acceptance rate of the SHAD system among elementary school teachers, it is recommended that teachers be taught how to use the SHAD system correctly and appropriately by instructional technology experts so that they are convinced to use and accept this system. The user interface of the system should be prepared in such a way that even teachers with the the least knowledge of technology can easily use it. A 24-hour support by experienced experts in the field of using the SHAD system should be provided for teachers so that they can use their guidance when facing problems
Original Research Paper
Educational Technology - Artificial Intelligence
M. Rezaei; E. Pazouki; R. Ebrahimpour
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, due to the increasing development of technology all over the world, e-learning systems are expanding rapidly. With the progress of electronic education, the movement from traditional education (the approach of providing one education for all) to personalized education ...
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Background and Objectives: Today, due to the increasing development of technology all over the world, e-learning systems are expanding rapidly. With the progress of electronic education, the movement from traditional education (the approach of providing one education for all) to personalized education began. Personalized education is an educational approach that aims to customize learning based on a learner's strengths, skills, interests, and needs. This method of education, like any other new method, has its strengths and weaknesses. In fact, increasing motivation and acquiring self-defense skills can be considered as one of the important benefits of this type of training. On the other hand, as the weaknesses of this method, we can mention the time-consuming training, the challenge in implementation, and the lack of clarity in the method of application. Due to the availability of many data from learners, the use of artificial intelligence to personalize education will both increase the quality and make education more attractive. Nowadays, one of the ways to personalize education is to provide it based on the preferences of learners. Learner preferences can be self-identified and explicitly identified and extracted by directly asking the learner or implicitly and collecting and monitoring data. Today, modeling user preferences is one of the most challenging tasks in e-learning systems that deal with a large amount of information. The aim of this research was to extract the implicit preferences of the learner by using an online interactive intelligent educational system that models the learner's preferences using conceptualization for learning objects through profile expansion and the use of artificial intelligence algorithms. The model was trained with the collected interactive data and provides new learning objects based on the learner's preferences. This research was practical in terms of purpose.Methods: In this research, according to the society available to us, 29 male and female undergraduate students of computer sciences, with an average age of 21.5 years, who had not taken the machine learning course, were included as the participants. After registration, the participants were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group was presented with personalized content that matched their preferences, and the control group was presented with content that did not match their preferences. After the training, the learning rate and cognitive load of the participants were measured by the designed performance test and the NASA workload index questionnaire. At the end, the significance level of the obtained results of the two groups was evaluated using the independent t-test.Findings: Based on the obtained results, the average performance test scores of the experimental group who received content matching their preferences had no significant difference compared to the average of the control group with a value of p=0.7 (while learning), but the cognition of the control group was significantly lower with p=0.00 compared to that of the experimental group.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, providing personalized educational content based on learners' preferences using the profile expansion technique significantly reduced the cognitive load during learning. So, Providing educational content based on learners' preferences, as one of the personalized educational methods in e-learning, plays an important role in reducing the cognitive load of learners.
Original Research Paper
Gamification
F. Sedighi Motlagh; M. Roshanian Ramin; H. Khademii
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Mathematics is one of the main subjects of the primary school and requires special attention; so, to improve the progress of mathematics, the role of motivational factors, especially attitudes towards mathematics, should be considered, and teaching methods should create interest ...
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Background and Objectives: Mathematics is one of the main subjects of the primary school and requires special attention; so, to improve the progress of mathematics, the role of motivational factors, especially attitudes towards mathematics, should be considered, and teaching methods should create interest in this lesson. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the impact of game-based education on the attitude and learning of mathematics among primary school female students.Methods: The research method in this study was a quasi-experiment of the pretest-posttest design with the experimental-control groups. The statistical papulation included all female students of the first-grade of primary school in the academic year 1401-1402 in Mallard. The research sample was selected by using the available sampling method. Thus, from among the primary schools of Mallard, the girls' primary school of Iran2 was selected, and from among four classes in the first-grade of this school, two classes were selected; then, the students of these two classes (62 students) were sorted by the average math score from low to high, then from above two people were selected and one person was randomly assigned to the experimental group and one person was assigned to the control group. The research tool consisted of five non-digital games that designed and implemented by the researchers. First, the pretest of learning math and the test of attitudes to math lessons were given to both groups; then the topics (familiarity with numbers, addition of numbers, and familiarity with the single-decimal table) were taught in the classroom by the researcher in five sessions of forty-five minutes (with the pretest and posttest session, a total of 7 sessions) in the experimental group via games. At the same time, these topics were taught in the control group in five sessions of forty-five minutes (with a pre-test and post-test session of 7 sessions) in a traditional and common way implemented by the class teacher; then, posttest was administered. The data collection tool in the research included the Aiken math attitude questionnaire, which covered three sub-scales (enjoying math lessons, fear of math and valuing and caring about math lessons). Reliability of the questionnaires were 0.887, 0.841, 0.912, respectively. Second tool was the researcher-made mathematics learning test. The validity of this test was confirmed by the first-grade teachers and reliability was obtained as 0.81 with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze data and covariance analysis was used in the inferential statistics section.Findings: The data analysis indicated that the use of the game would influence the attitude and mathematical learning of the first-grade female students, and therefore, the main hypothesis of the research as “game-based education would have an effect on improving the attitude and mathematical learning of the first-grade female students” was confirmed. Other research hypotheses were confirmed at a meaningful level of 0.001.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that students learn and remember lessons better via applying games and they enjoy this way of learning more and become more active and dynamic, and the learning process would accelerate.
Original Research Paper
M. Falahi; M. R. Nili Ahmadabadi; H.R. Maghami; I. Zaraii zavaraki; A. Delavar
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Where there is a lot of time for individual expansion and complete work, there are various programs that are different according to the requirements of the course and the type that is available for individuals on different surfaces, from the channell of the administration of ...
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Background and Objectives: Where there is a lot of time for individual expansion and complete work, there are various programs that are different according to the requirements of the course and the type that is available for individuals on different surfaces, from the channell of the administration of a group and a group of people in the form of a letter, i. You can check this information and remove the problem and remove the problems that are present in the program, which can be taken from the path of Buzzhord Graften and Arziba Mia. Banabrain is an investigator who has been working on the technology of Chegongi Tarahi to supply electronics with a view to the work of Karknan Ra in the Tehran Neft Public Company, the supplier of Kendokau. We are looking forward to the resources of many of them in the present office. You are interested in the direction of the direction of the course of any electronic mentoring course, according to the importance of the work of the Karkanan company in Tehran. This is a suitable electronic tuning; what is the meaning of Karkanan's work?Methods::This is very useful for using a qualitative analysis of the content and analysis of the content. A university with a comprehensive resource, including all articles, written sources, statements, names, and chains of reference available in various pieces of information, and all professors and specialists who have established a mentoring seminary. Change the size of the nameplate Use it as a target type.Take advantage of it as a collection of information about linguistics, information, and information about the language that has been checked for different purposes. This is a type of qualitative content analysis, an inductive type, and guaranteed analysis, in my opinion, which is of great benefit. I would like to take a picture of this to begin with, with a deep picture of the theoretical foundations of Mentoring, with a deep picture of the source of reading and decision-making, and the excitement of accompanying the name I chose from. More than fifteen people are specialists who are experts in the work of mentoring and long-term work, and they are damaged by the removal of the money. Findings: After the initial interview with the experts and associated content of the interview, three-stage coding was done. Then the collected data was analyzed using MAXQDA software. In the design of the researcher-made questionnaire, first the theoretical foundations and research literature on employee performance improvement were studied in detail, and based on that, semi-structured interview questions and finally a researcher-made questionnaire were designed to measure employee performance improvement with the help of specialists and experts.Conclusion: In the end, components were extracted from this order and used in the design of the electronic mentoring model: mentor characteristics, mentor competencies (management competencies, mentor learning competencies, mentor communication competencies, mentor specialized competencies, competence intercultural mentor), soft skills of mentor, electronic interactions in mentoring, electronic feedback in mentoring, electronic evaluation in mentoring, technological infrastructure in electronic mentoring, mentee competencies in electronic mentoring. Finally, it was suggested to design the model of electronic mentoring in other organizations and industries, as well as in mobile variables of employees. Also, design a consolidated mentoring model in organizations and industries. Educational workshops should be held in order to nurture and train mentors. The organizational position of mentor should be determined and appointed due to the high sensitivity of their work. The mentee is promoted after passing the mentoring courses.
Original Research Paper
M. Bodaghi; A. Khorshidi; B. Faghiharam; E. Doshmanziari; S. Moradi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: the educational system is currently considered one of the complex and extensive organizations in each country and has a deep connection with the economic, social and cultural growth and development of country. Actually, the educational system of this organization is also an ...
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Background and Objectives: the educational system is currently considered one of the complex and extensive organizations in each country and has a deep connection with the economic, social and cultural growth and development of country. Actually, the educational system of this organization is also an open system that interacts with many internal and external components. Including special strategy and goals with framework of educational system. It needs to respond to the needs of the society or provide them. According to result of this research, serious attention to the category of entrepreneurship, especially academically and in the way of education is very necessary and It causes a decrease in the unemployment rate, an increase in income, attention to production and less attention to the income from providing services and non-dependence of the economy on underground resources, diversity of production, development of exports, promotion of innovation, growth and flourishing of students' talents. This research shows designing a pattern of entrepreneurial schools in the secondary schools for education in Tehran by using the latest global and national studies, executive experiences and knowledge in scientific institutes, schools that related to entrepreneurship and also by using successful entrepreneurs.Methods: The present research is qualitative in terms of practical purposes, in terms of the type of data, and in terms of the nature and type of data study, it is based on the dimension analysis method. The population of the current research was the experts in this field, and 15 of them were interviewed by the theoretical sampling method of the snowball type until theoretical saturation. The research measurement tool was a semi-structured interview based on which dimensions, components and indicators were drawn and verified and validated by experts. The reliability and validity of the measurement tool was obtained by the three-way consensus method. Data analysis was done in three stages of open, central and selective coding.Findings: In this study, the dimensions, components and indicators of the entrepreneurial school were determined. 5 Next, 18 components of 139 indicators for the model of entrepreneurial schools in the second period of secondary school were finalized. After the final approval and prioritization of experts, the dimensions, components and indicators of the model were drawn, and again the said model was validated by the experts. The findings showed that the dimensions of the construct The mentioned model consisted of five dimensions related to infrastructural, structural, human capital, business environment and educational processes, which included 18 sub-components that were presented in order of priority.Conclusion: Entrepreneurial education in Iran, which is the most effective strategy to get out of the country's dead ends and economic and social problems, on the one hand, is modeled after the programs, policies and experiences of advanced countries, and on the other hand, It is necessary to take into account the local conditions of the country. Educational experts and school administrators can use the findings of the model and use the best and most suitable methods to guide schools towards an entrepreneurial school.
Original Research Paper
Technology-based learning environments
M. Assarzadegan; M. Khodabakhshian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Human life and nature are tightly connected as an innate element. Nature is the manifestation of emotions, passion and beauty. For this reason, man always tries to be with it. This type of companionship and coexistence with nature can be well seen in architecture. Biophilic ...
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Background and Objectives: Human life and nature are tightly connected as an innate element. Nature is the manifestation of emotions, passion and beauty. For this reason, man always tries to be with it. This type of companionship and coexistence with nature can be well seen in architecture. Biophilic architecture is one of the new approaches in today's architecture, which follows the design of buildings using elements of nature. Biophilic design is actually an attempt to eliminate the gap between today's architecture and the need of humans to communicate with the natural world and is an innovative approach, which is based on the importance of restoring and maintaining the beneficial experience and use of nature in the built environment. The present research analyzed the hierarchical structure of indicators affecting the user in educational environments designed based on biophilic patterns.Methods: The current research is a descriptive-analytical application, and through a library, it studied the use of 14 biophilic patterns in 8 case examples of nature-related educational environments in a hot and humid climate, which provides the greatest possibility of using nature due to the existing conditions. The four indicators of physiological, psychological, cognitive and socio-spiritual were prioritized based on the opinion of experts and the numbers of ten visual patterns out of 14 biophilic patterns were categorized in these four indicators and then based on the patterns used in each educational environment. Its impact on the user was prioritized in four areas. To select the final indicators for evaluating and prioritizing the studied educational environments, a questionnaire was designed with a Likert scale and was identified and collected using the snowball method. For weighting and prioritizing indicators, pairwise comparisons were used in the form of a 9-hour questionnaire. In this research, in order to meet the qualitative criteria, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used.Findings: The findings showed that the priority of the indicators in the educational environment is physiological, psychological, cognitive and socio-spiritual respectively, and the most impact on the user, according to the patterns used from the four indicators in the physiological, psychological and cognitive "educational environment of Green and "Barn Klong" had the greatest effect on the user. Examining the patterns used in these samples showed that the educational environment of Kensington generally observed the most biophilic indicators and criteria, and the observation of these indicators in the educational environment of Waterengnia was the lowest.Conclusion: Paying attention to the effect of each of the biophilic patterns on one or more indicators of the four indicators, with the aim of using these patterns in the educational environment, the effect of one of the physiological, psychological, cognitive and social spiritual indicators can be made more visible on the user. The use of target biophilic patterns based on the four indicators improves educational performance in various fields and makes people interested in the educational environment and increases academic progress.
