1 Louis Kahn 2 (Boss, 2001; Bullock & Foster-Harrison, 1997; Davis, 2004; Day, 2000,2001; Fiske, 1995; Gardner, 1999; Lamm, 1986; Nair, 2002; Papert, 1993). 3 (Berner,1992, 1995; Boss, 2001; Kolleeny, 2003; Lezotte & Passalacqua, 1978; Peters,2003) 4 (Dudek,2001; Hathaway, 1995; Luckiesh & Moss, 1940; Muir, 2001; Rice, 1953; Rittner-Heir, 2002; Romney, 1975; Tanner, 2000) 5 (Boss, 2001; Chan, 1980; Tanner & Langford, 2003) 6 Learning Environment 7 Effective Learning Environment 8 Outdoor education 9 Learning out of doors 10 Outdoor learning 11 Education out of doors 12 Education in nature 13 Authentic learning in landscapes 14 Johann Pestalozzi 15 John Dewey 16 Paolo Freiere 17 Patrick Geddes 18 Multiple Intelligences 19 Howard Gardner 20 Internalizing 21 About the Environment 22 In the Environment 23 For the Environment 34 Place Attachment 25 Place Identity 26 Social Space 27 (Piaget, 1962); (Biber, 1984); (Isenberg & Jalongo, 1997); (Bruner, Jolly & Sylva, 1976);(Barnett, 1991); (Sutton-Smith, 1979); (Vygotsky, 1994) 28 Indoor–Outdoor Connection 29 Interior and Exterior Vistas مراجع [1] Tanner C.K., The Influence Of School Architecture On Academic Achievement, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 38, No. 4, 2000, pp. 309–330. [2] De Gregori A., thesis for master of science in architecture,New Jersey school of architecture, Learning environments: redefining the discourse on school architecture, 2007. [3] Hart R., The Right to Play and Children's Participation, Presented at: Article 31, the child's right to play, Birmingham, England. 1994. [4] Pyle R., Eden in a Vacant Lot: Special Places, Species and Kids in the Community of Life. In: Children and Nature: Theoretical, Conceptual, and Empirical Investigations. Kahn, P.H. and Kellert, S.R.(eds). Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001. [5] Bjorklid P., Children’s Outdoor Environment. Stockholm, Stockholm Institute of Education, 1982. [6] Higgins P. and Nicol R., Outdoor Education, Authentic Learning in the context of Landscapes, Vol. 2, 2002. [7] Dewey J., Experience and Education, London: Collier-Macmillan, 1963. [8] Gardner H., Multiple Intelligence The Theory in Practise, New York, Basic Books, 1993. بازشناسی نقش طبیعت در فضاهای آموزشی فرهنگ مظفر و همکاران 46 نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال چهارم، جلد 4 ،شماره 1 ،پاییز 1811 [9] School Curriculum & Assessment Authority (SCAA), Teaching Environmental Matters through the National Curriculum. SCAA Publications, 1996. [10] Said I., Architecture for Children: Understanding Children Perception towards Built Environment, In: Proceedings of International Conference Challenges and Experiences in Developing Architectural education in Asia, Islamic University of Indonesia, 8-10 June, 2007. [11] Fjortoft I., Landscape as Playspace:The Effects of Natural Environments on Children's Play and Motor Development, Children, Youth and Environments, Vol. 2, No. 14, 2004, pp.21-44. [12] Ladd G.W., Peer relationships and social competence during early and middle childhood, Annual Review Psychology, Vol. 50, 1999. pp. 333-359. [13] Cobb E., The ecology of imagination in childhood, In: Shepard P. and McKinley D. Eds., The Subversive Science: Essays toward an Ecology of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969, pp. 122-132. [14] Moore R.C. and Young D., Childhood Outdoors: Toward a Social Ecology of the Landscape, In: Altman I. and Wohlwill J.F. Eds., Children and the Environment New York, Plenum Press, 1978. [15] Olds A.R., Psychological and Physiological Harmony in Child Care Center Design., Children's Environment Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 6, 1989, pp. 8-16. [16] Campbell S.D. and Frost J.L., The Effects of Playground Type on the Cognitive and Social Play Behaviors of Grade Two Children. In Frost J.L. and Sunderlein S. (Eds.), When Children Play: Proceedings of the International Conference on Play and Play Environments, Wheaton, MD: Association for Childhood Education International, 1985 , pp. 81-92. [17] Taylor A.F., Wiley A., Kuo F.E. and Sullivan W.C., Growing Up in the Inner City: Green Spaces as Places to Grow, In Environment and Behavior, Fall, 1997. [18] Titman W., Special Places: Special People, Surrey: WWF UK, 1994. [19] Rivkin M., The Schoolyard Habitat, Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1997, pp. 61-66. [20] Parkash N., The Language of School Design, NCEF, 2005. ]21 ]کاملنیا حامد، دستورزبانطراحیمحیطهای یادگیری، انتشارات سبحان نور،1386. [22] Taylor A., Kuo F., Sullivan W., the surprising connection to green play settings, Environment and Behaviour, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2001, pp. 54-77. [23] Taylor A., Kuo F., Sullivan W., Views of nature and self-discipline: evidence from inner city children, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2001 [24] Sebba R., Girls and boys and the physical environment: Historical perspective, In: Eds, Altman A. and Churchman A., Women and the Environment Plenum Press, 1994, pp. 42-69. ]25 ]سمیع آذر علیرضا، ، مفهوم و کارکرد فضای باز در مدارس سنتی و جدید، مجله صفه، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، شماره 31 ،1311،صفحههای 144 الی111.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله