Original Research Paper
Learning Environment
N. Ahmadpour Samani; A. Farsi Mohammadipour; S.M. Behrooz
Abstract
Background and Objective: Addressing the issue of identifying elements of the nature are important to children and increase children's creativity. In such a way that these elements can be presented in a general framework so that designers and architects can rely on them, the most important concepts and ...
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Background and Objective: Addressing the issue of identifying elements of the nature are important to children and increase children's creativity. In such a way that these elements can be presented in a general framework so that designers and architects can rely on them, the most important concepts and items needed in the design, to consider these spaces and apply them. Of course, it should be noted that several environmental factors affect creativity. However, in this study, an attempt is made to identify the factors that have the most impact, so that the needs of children can be met in accordance with their activities and a general framework for designing children's spaces can be proposed. The main difference between this research and other researches is in prioritizing the effective factors in nature from the children's point of view and its effect on creativity and then presenting the results in the form of an overall design framework. Various research has been done on this subject, but in a one-dimensional way and in them only one factor is mentioned, such as the effect of creativity on learning, but none of them presents the effect of nature's role in increasing creativity. The purpose of this research is to determine which natural elements are important from children’s points of view and whether the use and presence of elements are possible in educational locations. This research seeks to find approaches to design school yards based on children’s points of view with regard to the role of nature in their education. Methods: The research method used in this qualitative study is content analysis. Based on the nature of the subject, a questionnaire and the image technique were used as the main method of data collection. The structure of the questionnaire is based on the measures and criteria derived from the subject literature and designed based on Likert scale. In the first stage, 120 questionnaires were provided to children of 7-12 age in the case study. Results of the questionnaires were obtained. To ensure that the results of the questionnaires are expanded, the researcher, in the second phase, provided some pictures relevant to questionnaires, so that the children could respond to questions based on their visual preferences. The researcher then obtained results based on visual content analysis. Findings: It was discovered that these two instruments of measurement are in line with each other and are appropriate to the environmental factors affecting children. Finally, a framework for organizing the school yard is presented. Conclusion: By creating an appropriate, responsive and purposeful framework in design, we can address the main goal of the research, which is to identify the effective factors in nature from the children's point of view by increasing their creativity, and finally, an appropriate framework by considering these factors to organize the space of the school yard. The necessity of presenting the framework can be expressed in such a way that the weakening of children's connection with outside the classroom is harmful for the child, on the other hand, an intellectual movement moves towards learning outdoors. The presence of natural elements or the same nature has a positive effect on children's creativity, discovers and flourishes the latent talent in children and creates a suitable environment for a bright future for children.
Original Research Paper
Game-based Education
M. Shafaei
Abstract
Background and Objective:Currently, different teaching techniques and methods are used in teaching architectural design. Holding architecture education conferences at the national level shows the attention of experts and researchers to the importance of this issue. In recent years, critical, participatory ...
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Background and Objective:Currently, different teaching techniques and methods are used in teaching architectural design. Holding architecture education conferences at the national level shows the attention of experts and researchers to the importance of this issue. In recent years, critical, participatory teaching methods or techniques such as questions and answers to increase student motivation have been considered by researchers and architecture teachers. But holding architectural design courses in a workshop (practical) for many hours, repetition and uniformity of techniques such as one-day sketches, individual and collective corrections, and architectural design training become a tedious task for teachers and students. This becomes a serious challenge for young teachers who do not have enough teaching experience. It seems that game-based teaching method can increase students' motivation and increase their learning rate. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of game-based education on game learning, participation and students' feelings about the benefits of one (bachelor) architecture design course. Extensive research on architecture education shows the importance of this subject. The main approach of these research studies is student-centered education. Many researchers have emphasized the collaboration between student and teacher. The main goal of these studies is enhancing architecture students’ motivation and learning. Nowadays, there is a support for digital game-based education. Therefore, the goal of this study is investigating the role of game-based education (not only digital games) in enhancing learning, collaboration and the students’ feeling about the usefulness of the subject matter. Methods: Here, the experimental method has been used. Statistical population includes students of architecture design 1-B.A. The sample size is 51 students organized in 3 groups. The game-based method was used in the experimental group. The second group (control group 1) was trained through “project correction with other students as reviewers”. The third group (control group 2) was trained through “individually project correction”. All students were assessed by MBI-SS questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the semester. Findings: The results obtained through comparing the frequency of answers. It was concluded that game-based education through pantomime, verbal games and figural games could have a positive role on enhancing “learning”, “collaboration” and “students’ positive feelings about the architecture education”. Conclusion: The present study, in line with participatory education and teacher-student interaction, showed the effect of game-based education on promoting student motivation. Although in today's world, teaching architecture through computer games is discussed, this research does not limit learning by games to just computer games. Demonstration, speech, writing and drawing games can be included in architectural design education according to the teacher's creativity and the fit of the game with the subject and stimulate students' interest in architectural design and according to the research literature, cause long-term (long-term) learning.
Original Research Paper
Electronic learning- virtual
H. Abbasi Kasani; Gh.R. Shams
Abstract
learning processes has become an important issue in the field of education around the world. According to the announced statistics, this is spreading rapidly and widely. e-learning, as the most prominent application of ICT, has added a new dimension to the primary and higher education, and the use of ...
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learning processes has become an important issue in the field of education around the world. According to the announced statistics, this is spreading rapidly and widely. e-learning, as the most prominent application of ICT, has added a new dimension to the primary and higher education, and the use of online resources has been successfully combined with education to facilitate teaching-learning activities. That is why in recent years, many organizations, universities and companies have started offering e-learning courses. e-learning is a wide range of application software and teaching methods including computer-based education, web-based education, virtual classrooms, etc. The present study aimed at investigating and identifying critical success factors of e-Learning to develop a comprehensive model for success of e-learning. Methods: The research approach was qualitative and the method was synthesis. The research population was all of the articles (85 articles) related to Critical Success Factors of e-Learning since 2007 to 2017 in accredited journals using specific keywords. The sample included 41 articles selected purposefully based on the theoretical saturation of data. The data were collected from the qualitative analysis of documents. Findings: Using analyzing data, Critical Success Factors of e-learning were classified in 3 dimensions, 8 factors and 52 indicators including structural dimension (organizational, support, system quality, content, and educational factors); behavioral dimension (learner, instructor), and environmental dimension (technology). The results of the data analysis led to the identification of Critical Success Factors of e-learning as a model. Conclusion: In this study, an attempt was made to analyze the documents and studies conducted on the key factors of e-learning success and identify the key factors of e-learning success, to provide a model for e-learning success. As the results of the analysis show, e-learning success factors include three structural dimensions (including: organizational, educational, content, support, and system quality); Content or behavioral dimension (including factors: learner and teacher); and the contextual or environmental dimension (including factor: technology). With a clear view, it can be said that examining and considering all the factors of e-learning success is necessary for its growth and development. Most of the studies have emphasized the importance of structural dimension in e-learning success, although behavioral and contextual dimensions are also essential for e-learning success. Therefore, e-learning centers should also try to identify the factors that may affect their success and, given these factors, ensure the success of e-learning. The findings of this study to some extent is capable of informing them of these factors.
Original Research Paper
Curriculum Planning
M. Abadi; N. Noushadi; E. Momtahan
Abstract
Background and Objective:The art of arithmetic is as old as man, and critical thinking skills are always one of the tools that human beings use to face life's challenges. We face daily decisions that require reasoning, comprehension, interpretation, analysis, and evaluation of information. Critical thinking ...
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Background and Objective:The art of arithmetic is as old as man, and critical thinking skills are always one of the tools that human beings use to face life's challenges. We face daily decisions that require reasoning, comprehension, interpretation, analysis, and evaluation of information. Critical thinking skills enable a person to make credible and valuable decisions, to behave ethically, and to be able to adapt to environmental conditions. However, some math teachers seem to have difficulty in instilling the concept of critical thinking in their teaching methods, so students also perform below average performance in math tests due to difficulty in understanding this concept. Therefore, students lack the necessary ability to formulate hypotheses and evaluate them using abstract ideas. Despite the emphasis on the development of critical thinking, numerous studies indicate that schools do not yet have critical thinking on their agenda. On the other hand, the international study of mathematics and science education trends (TIMSS), which is one of the most important and largest comparative studies in the field of academic achievement evaluation, reveals the fact of the weakness of Iranian students in mathematics. However, despite the high investment in the mathematics sector, the gap between Iranian students' mathematical knowledge and other countries is worrying. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the status of critical thinking skills in mathematics curriculum in ordinary and gifted schools. Methods: The sample consisted of 71 math teachers, 360 students, three math textbooks and three supplementary math books of junior high school in the city of Shiraz, along with TIMSS mathematics questions. California critical thinking skills test (CCTST) was used to evaluate the critical thinking skills of students and teachers of mathematics. Math textbooks, math supplementary books, and TIMSS mathematical questions were analyzed using quantitative content analysis. The gathered data were analyzed through t-test for independent variable, one sample t-test, and chi square test. Findings: The following were found: Critical thinking skills are significant contributors in TIMSS. Also, the results of content analysis showed that in textbooks and supplementary math books, analysis component was the highest portion and inductive reasoning and evaluation had a minimal contribution. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between ordinary and gifted students in math exam. There was significant difference between ordinary and gifted students only in analysis skills. There was no significant difference between ordinary and gifted teachers in critical thinking. Conclusion:The weakness of Iranian students in the Thames test is a significant consequence of the weakness of math teachers in critical thinking skills and also the small share of math textbooks in the components of critical thinking skills. Therefore, it is suggested that the module of the five critical thinking skills course be designed while serving educators and implemented for math teachers
Original Research Paper
Data Mining
H. Koosha; S. Dangkoub; A. Barzanooni
Abstract
Background and Objective: Student mental health data has been recorded in the information systems of the universities across the country for several years, and due to its high volume, conventional statistical and psychoanalytic methods to predict patterns and factors affecting students' mental health ...
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Background and Objective: Student mental health data has been recorded in the information systems of the universities across the country for several years, and due to its high volume, conventional statistical and psychoanalytic methods to predict patterns and factors affecting students' mental health are not effective. This is where data mining technology comes in handy and helps to predict and identify those at high risk based on the recorded data set of students 'physical and especially mental health status, and to make appropriate and timely decisions to improve students' condition. One of the main objectives of every managers of educational centers is making improvements in students’ educational performance. Besides the educational factors, physical and mental health is considerable which has a significant effect on students’ behavior. Therefore, some rules and patterns are required to make the best decisions, based on the prediction of students’ mental health state. This paper proposes a data mining approach for analyzing and extracting patterns in terms of new students’ mental health, which means whether they need to visit a psychologist. Our effort was on extracting hidden rules in new students’ mental health examination by employing classification approach. Methods:Techniques used in this study are decision tree, rule based classifier, neural network, logistic regression and support vector machine. Moreover, a parameter tuning process is done for all the techniques mentioned and the results presents the list of symptoms of individuals who need detailed examination. Findings:The results of the research represent that one can predict the status of students’ mental helath based on propsed model. One of the outcomes of decision tree is that if a person severely feels disappointed or seems to be obsessive by others, or feels that life is worthless, definitely a consultaion is needed. Conclusion: Considering that most of the existing research in the field of health data mining have focused on physical health, it is suggested that for future studies, all levels of health, i.e dimensions of students' health, including physical, social and spiritual health, as well as a combination of these dimensions be considered. In addition, a review of the various approaches and techniques appropriate to the psychological data set should be conducted with the aim of creating an appropriate classification for the existing techniques in this field. It is also suggested that the present data set or similar data sets (student health monitoring information) be examined with other classification techniques and the results be compared with the results of the present study. In general, it is suggested that data mining technology be used to extract hidden patterns in the mental health data set of school students at different levels of education, office workers and organizations. Finally, it is recommended that future research in this field first implement the clustering approach on the psychological data set and then use the classification and forecasting approaches.
Review Paper
Distance Learning
A. Mosavi; H. Kaviani
Abstract
Background and Objective:Higher education has faced many challenges and issues during the last two decades, among which we can mention the following: inability to produce theoretical knowledge and use of basic and theoretical knowledge produced in other countries. Of the world, the inapplicability of ...
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Background and Objective:Higher education has faced many challenges and issues during the last two decades, among which we can mention the following: inability to produce theoretical knowledge and use of basic and theoretical knowledge produced in other countries. Of the world, the inapplicability of university education, the lack of an inappropriate relationship between the university and other social sectors, neglecting research functions and services in universities, the problem of multiple decision centers and the existence of multiple trustees on the one hand, and the excalating growth of students and applicants to universities and institutions of higher education, the slight expansion of the higher education system regardless of the existing capacity and economic, social and cultural capacity of the community to accept university graduates, reduced financial resources and pressure from society For responsibility and accountability on the other hand; the higher education system needs to maintain and improve the quality of higher education to meet these challenges. To succeed in this, all the functions of higher education in general must be considered comprehensively. In this regard, one of the measures that higher education deliberates to answer its problems was technology-based education, including distance education and distance learning. Considering the contradiction in the findings of the studies conducted on the effectiveness of distance education methods, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of distance education in higher education. Methods: The research method is based on secondary analysis and meta-analysis. The statistical population consists of all quasi-experimental studies which have already been conducted on the effectiveness of various types of distance education in higher education in Iran. The whole census was used for sampling. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 79 studies were identified as the sample size.To collect the data, a researcher-made worksheet was employed in three sections: bibliographicaldata, methodological data, and findings. To analyze the data, the effect size index and the homogeneity test were performed using CMA-Version 2.0 statistical software. Findings:The research findings indicated that all of distance education methods in higher education of Iran were effective, but this effectiveness was moderate (ES =0.526, P <0.01); the area under the normal curve, the average implementation of distance education is 69% more effective than traditional methods. In addition, the meta-regression of the effect of year on the results of research showed that with an increase in the implementation of distance education methods, .07%was added to the effectiveness of these methods. In other words, the implementation of distance education methods in higher education will become more effective over time. Conclusion: Considering that the study of moderating variables was not one of the objectives of this study, it is recommended that in future research, the impact of these components on the results of the study be examined to determine the impact of these components to explain and control the results.
Review Paper
TVET
M.S. Taher Tolou Del; S.A. Sadat; R. Ali Dehi Ravandi
Abstract
Background and Objective:Vocational technical education plays an important role in developing productive employment, improving the business environment, making the best use of opportunities and increasing efficiency in the community economy. Therefore, after acquiring specialized knowledge and skills ...
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Background and Objective:Vocational technical education plays an important role in developing productive employment, improving the business environment, making the best use of opportunities and increasing efficiency in the community economy. Therefore, after acquiring specialized knowledge and skills in various fields, people can work in suitable jobs and as an entrepreneur meet the main needs of the country in the priority of expanding training and technical skills. One of the most important parts of any country's education system is the program of the vocational technical education system. Paying attention to it is one of the basic policies of the countries for training efficient human resources at the pre-university level. On the other hand, the important role of technical and vocational education in achieving economic, social and individual goals is not far from the scope of research. Since the late establishment of training organizations of interns and expert specialists in the country's technical and vocational fields, it has become necessary to indicative this issue as the main need of the developing society of Iran. Therefore, by assessing the need for professional technical community in the country, and to provide efficient manpower, the present situation has been addressed. Taking into account the factors consistent with strategic goals and international engagements (such as ISESCO & UNEVOC in the United Nations), it is necessary to develop to improve the current situation. Methods: The methodology of this research is to investigate the professional technical education ability in Iran and to collect documents related to the goals and activities of strategy originators and implementers; to explain the amount of attention and sensitivity of the researches conducted during recent years. The research tool has analyzed in development of vocational education. Findings:The research achievement is a suitable way to improve the process of professional technical education in Iran. The most important factors of efficiency include attention to the Attraction and employment status by 21%, the necessity to change the education system by 13% and finaly; the teaching-learning process by 8.5%, were alongside with other factors. Conclusion: A review of the research process related to technical and vocational training during the years 2009 to 2017 in recent years shows that the research priorities based on the current conditions of the technical and vocational community, respectively, are: providing solutions, input and output factors, comparative studies, the need to review and transform the modeling with global goals, review the employment status and student recruitment, students' personality traits, provide a standard model of performance appraisal, educational environment, review of technical and professional books, trends Students, internal variables affecting performance, examining students' tendency to technical-vocational education and finally barriers to the development of technical-vocational education.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
N. Ghazanfari; A. Badeleh
Abstract
Background and Objective:The 21st century is the century of societies moving towards knowledge-based, knowledge sharing and transformation in the axes and basic concepts of life, including education in terms of quantity, quality and speed of presentation. The tendency of the world in recent decades to ...
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Background and Objective:The 21st century is the century of societies moving towards knowledge-based, knowledge sharing and transformation in the axes and basic concepts of life, including education in terms of quantity, quality and speed of presentation. The tendency of the world in recent decades to use technology in education due to the lack of traditional education to meet the needs of the education system in the curriculum and educational content, has attracted the attention of many thinkers to create methods and innovations in this field. Today, due to the increasing development of educational methods and dramatic advances in the field of information and communication technology, e-learning is one of the best strategies for achieving social justice in the field of higher education with the slogan "Quality higher education for all." E-learning has been developed in the world for a decade and a short time in Iran. The increasing demand for science, the limitations of traditional educational systems, and the evolution of methods of learning have led the world to methods in which time and place have lost their intrinsic value; Therefore, e-learning can be considered the most important factor in the scientific and cultural leap in the contemporary world. Considering the increasing popularity of using content production standards like SCORM in electronic education, the objective of this survey is evaluation of electronic education content courses in the universities under SCORM standard, from the viewpoint of students and professors. Methods: This study uses a descriptive applied survey-type methodology. Statistical population of the survey is professors and students of distance learning courses in the Shahid Beheshti University (case study) consisting of 230 students and professors. They were selected purposefully on the basis of Morgan and Krejcie table. Data collection tools were researcher-made questionnaires of students and professors. The alpha validity ratio for the students’ questionnaire was measured as0.77and for the professors’ questionnaire as 0.90. In order to analyze and evaluate data, descriptive statistics (mean value, standard deviation) and deductive statistics (one-sample t-test) were used. Findings: The survey findings showed there is a significant relationship between the mean value of accessibility, educational design, content organization, feedback and super-data in the electronic educational content courses in Shahid Beheshti University from the viewpoints of students and professors according to SCORM standards. It also showed that in their viewpoint, the mean value of SCORM standard factors in the electronic educational content courses of Shahid Beheshti University, according to this standard, is in an appropriate level. Conclusion: The present study, like any other research, has limitations such as using only one research tool, questionnaire and not using other tools, university and field of study limitations, difficulty in identifying experts in this field and identifying content production companies and virtual universities under SCORM standard. At the time of the research, the limited similar external background made it difficult for the researcher. Therefore, it is suggested that the present study be implemented in other universities with e-learning and in other fields of study to increase the power of generalizations; Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that professors need to be taught how to standardize electronic content and to reduce costs, electronic content production in the university with the cooperation of professors and even students, and also to arrange the impact of e-learning standards SCORM should be further researched to provide accurate information on ways to increase the quality of education and welfare of universities with e-learning under the SCORM standard.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
A. Habibizad Navin
Abstract
Background and Objective:Human resources (HRs), as the most important asset of any organization, play a significant role in their goals, competition and success. Thus the training of human resources plays an important role to achieve the growth and success of any organization. Teaching and learning are ...
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Background and Objective:Human resources (HRs), as the most important asset of any organization, play a significant role in their goals, competition and success. Thus the training of human resources plays an important role to achieve the growth and success of any organization. Teaching and learning are performed by different technologies such as traditional education, distance learning, e-learning and the use of grid and social networks. Existing evaluation models of e-learning have mostly examined partially the educational outcomes, the employees’ efficiency and the impact of e-learning, Therefore, in this paper a comprehensive model is presented that models and evaluates the efficiency and cost of the organization and the time and efficiency of the personnel in the current and electronic methods. Methods:First, the relationships in the e-learning system were modeled and formally expressed with mathematical relationships, and then the simulation was performed, and finally the costs of e-learning were evaluated based on the simulation results. Findings: The obtained results by simulation show that e-learning system improves the HRs utilization by 15% and decreases the training cost of organizations by 18% in comparison to the common method. Conclusion: Waste of human resources in organizations reduces the efficiency of the organization, as for solving this problem in organizations and turn it into potential and increase the intangible assets of the organization, e-learning was proposed. Web-based e-learning system is a type of training system that uses a three-tier architecture under the Internet and increases the educational productivity of the organizations and in general reduces the waste of staff time, increases the efficiency of the organization and the amount of costs. It reduces the time spent on training, and in this way can reduce unemployment, leisure time and staff wastage through training under the computer network and mobile devices and the web, which are available everywhere and always at a low cost. It also converts the intangible capital of the organization and increase the expertise and capability of the organization. Common methods of modeling and evaluating the effectiveness of e-learning were examined. Most of these models only partially assessed the effect of education on learners' performance. Therefore, in this article, a comprehensive model was presented and evaluated both the efficiency and costs of the organization and the time and efficiency of personnel in the common and electronic methods. The simulation results using MATLAB software show that the number of trained employees and intangible assets in the web-based e-learning system increases more than three times compared to conventional methods. Training costs will decrease by eighteen percent and the efficiency of the organization's employees will increase by fifteen percent. Analyzing and evaluating network and cloud training is recommended for large organizations as future work
Original Research Paper
Teacher Education
A. Pourahmadali; A. Sheykhi Fini; H. Zainalipour; S. Izadi
Abstract
Background and Objective:The experience of some countries, including Japan, shows that opening the classroom and the whole educational process from design to evaluation to teachers and creating an educational group creates a cycle of gradual improvement of the educational process in the classroom and ...
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Background and Objective:The experience of some countries, including Japan, shows that opening the classroom and the whole educational process from design to evaluation to teachers and creating an educational group creates a cycle of gradual improvement of the educational process in the classroom and it brings positive effects. One of these methods that has emerged from the heart of the school and the classroom in the Japanese education system is lesson study. Lesson study is the most important factor in educational performance to develop the teaching profession. Curriculum research is a research circle in which teachers research curriculum topics in groups. In this advanced model, teachers and professionals work together. The assessment team (teachers) focus all their efforts on educating students in the classroom to grow and refine the subject matter. Through lesson study, the teacher communicates with the practice of research to base the practice of teaching on thought and action. Thoughtful and research-based practice actually introduces a set of skills and abilities that put a person in a critical position to solve problems and issues. This study aimed to explain principles governing desirable lesson study practice in mathematics in Mazandaran Province’s Educational Office. Methods:The research method was qualitative and of phenomenological type. The statistical population of this study included all experts in lesson study. 16 participants were selected through Snowball sampling. The sample size was determined by theoretical saturation. The data collection instrument in this study was semi-structured interview and th validity of the data was assessed and verified by evaluating the participants. The data resulted from interviews were analyzed through categorization method. Findings: Totally, 5 major categories were extracted from the interviews, including human aspect (creativity, responsibility and being open to criticism), structural aspect (technological equipment, supervision, programs, load of teacher work, ratio of the number of teacher to the student and applying results), cultural aspect (teamwork, school culture, belief and commitment to impact of lesson study, family cooperation, Researchers' spirit of teacher and principlas, teacher cooperation place of competition), managerial aspect (support, scoring process, authorities’ support, provision of budget, support of other school factors and time) and pedagogical aspect (exchange of useful educational experiences, workshops, new teaching styles, provincial team of lesson study, educational content, conversion of quantitative evaluation to descriptive and educational design). Conclusion: This study was conducted with the aim of explaining the principles governing the optimal implementation of mathematics studies in primary schools of education in Mazandaran province. The categories extracted from the interviews include the human aspect, the structural aspect, the cultural aspect, the managerial aspect and the teaching-learning aspect. The human aspect includes the variables of creativity, responsibility and criticism. The structural aspect includes the variables of technological equipment, supervision, programs, teacher workload, teacher to student ratio and application of results. The cultural aspects include the variables of teamwork, school culture, belief and commitment to the impact of study, family cooperation, research spirit of teachers and principals, teacher cooperation instead of competition. The managerial aspect includes support, scoring process, official support, funding, support of other school and time executives. The teaching-learning aspect includes variables of conversion of useful educational experiences, workshops, new teaching styles, provincial study team, educational content, conversion of quantitative evaluation into descriptive and educational desig
Review Paper
TVET
A. Naveedy; S.A. Khaleghinezhad; A. Khallaghi
Abstract
Background and Objective:Skills are the driver of economic growth, and in societies with low skills, the introduction and application of technology, high productivity, and new ways of working are difficult, and in fact delay the improvement in quality of living standards. Therefore, technical and vocational ...
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Background and Objective:Skills are the driver of economic growth, and in societies with low skills, the introduction and application of technology, high productivity, and new ways of working are difficult, and in fact delay the improvement in quality of living standards. Therefore, technical and vocational education as an important tool for training and increasing the efficiency and productivity of human resources can be the main priority of the education system of different nations and is considered increasingly prominent and important in education programs. There is also evidence that technical and vocational education plays an influential role in the development of secondary education. Nevertheless, technical and vocational education still suffers from a secondary education label and therefore fails to attract talented students who choose public education instead. As a result, the lack of skills of young job seekers has become a crisis in these countries. The vocationalization of secondary education has become a problematic issue in Iran like other societies for achieving the main goal in terms of adapting the education system to the labor market changes. The present study intends to provide a framework for training vocational and technical skill to second-level secondary students in academic branch. Methods:Regarding this, the qualitative research approach using documentary method was applied to examine the educational and strategic national documents, existing literature associated with vocational and technical education, and practical and theoretical frameworks. Then, the main framework including 11 components such as the logic and reason of program, the dominant principals of program, educational approach program, goals, content scope and orientation, educational methods, students grouping, learning resources and materials, the evaluation of academic achievement, the prerequisite resources and facilities, and program requirements has been explored. In the next step, validating the extracted framework was examined by different stakeholders, in the focus group meetings, has been confirmed. Findings: In sum, this framework will be suggested as a foundation for planning and conducting the training a vocational and technical skill to Iranian second-level secondary students in academic branch. Conclusion: In general, this study, by drawing the main agenda of the curriculum, has provided a framework for teaching technical and professional skills to theoretical students in the second year of high school, in which several components based on the documents and perceptions of different stakeholders are proposed. From structural factors to process factors are discussed in sufficient detail. This framework can be the basis for decision makers and policy makers to formulate policies and curricula for teaching a skill to high school students in the theoretical branch. Improving the level of career guidance and counseling services for students is another achievement of this framework that can be used in practice. This means that since one of the important goals is to expand vocational training and workplace experiences, it is important to provide career counseling and counseling services to students in a practical way through the development of a variety of vocational training programs. Such services should be provided at least at the end of the lower secondary school year or at the beginning of the upper secondary school to facilitate students' informed decision-making to move from lower to upper secondary school.
Original Research Paper
Materials Evaluatio
Z. Bagheri; J. Rahimian
Abstract
Background and Objective Age is an important factor in language learning. Sociologically, members of a language community at different ages have different patterns of behavior that change throughout life and through different stages. Age-related linguistic features may be purely lexical or may be phonetic ...
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Background and Objective Age is an important factor in language learning. Sociologically, members of a language community at different ages have different patterns of behavior that change throughout life and through different stages. Age-related linguistic features may be purely lexical or may be phonetic and grammatical. There are differences in the language behavior of different age groups in a language community. In this way, each age group tends to certain linguistic features. No progress will be made in language learning unless the characteristics of language learners are taken into account. We consider speech to depend on to whom we speak, where we speak, and when we speak. The importance of the sociology of language becomes clear where language is a means of communication and we must consider what we say and what we mean by that speech. If students discuss a topic of interest, they will certainly not simply forget the new sentences on that topic. For this reason, in learning a second language, the sociological skills of language, such as social class culture, age, etc., should be considered. The present study is a field study that analyzes the content of Persian textbooks (teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers) to see to what extent they fit the age of students. Materials: The research sample includes 50 Persian language learners who have been selected by a researcher-made questionnaire. In this research, the following questions are raised: to what extent the selection of comprehension texts of the textbook of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers that is adapted to the age and interests of the learners can be effective in learning the vocabulary of Persian language to non-Persian speakers? What changes are proposed to make Persian language teaching books to non-Farsi speakers more relevant to the age of the learners? Findings:Findings of the research show that foreign language learners tend to have their own age preferences in proportion to their age, and are interested in certain texts. Therefore, in curriculum development, age and interests of the learners should be taken into account. In this way vocabulary of the texts is taught easily and effectively. The relevance of the text to the learner's age is important in learning the vocabulary of the text. Conclusion: From the point of view of teachers and experts, the content of textbooks for teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers does not lead to the responsibility and participation of language learners in the desired level of learning activities. The content of textbooks does not have the desired variety of content, examples and illustrations. In this course, books should be designed and arranged in such a way that language learners have the necessary ability to write answers to book exercises, write summaries of textbooks, write sentences with correct spelling and observe written technical points, including marking, use of capital letters, and create the correct calligraphy. Learners should be familiar with the facts of the Persian language, the culture of Persian speakers, and develop critical thinking in learners. Since the concepts of Persian language for learners as a non-native and second language are far from the mind and not very understandable, the content of Persian language textbooks should be designed in such a way that they form interesting content and examples, use a variety of pictures to help learns better learn the content. Textbooks can be effective in cultivating the imagination, sense of beauty, personality of language learners compared to Persian.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
E. Jafari; K. Fathi Vajargah; M. Arefi; M. RezaeiZadeh
Abstract
Background and Objective:Although the fields of teaching and learning have changed very little compared to other categories more than two thousand years ago, today, with the help of information technology, it has undergone rapid changes. In recent years, virtual education has emerged as one of the most ...
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Background and Objective:Although the fields of teaching and learning have changed very little compared to other categories more than two thousand years ago, today, with the help of information technology, it has undergone rapid changes. In recent years, virtual education has emerged as one of the most important applications of new information and communication technologies in the world and extensive activities have begun in this direction. Virtual education has created a new paradigm and has enabled learning in any field, for any person, at any time and in any place. Among the various forms of e-learning, there has been a significant expansion of free online courses, MOOCs in recent years. The purpose of this study is to delineate the strengths, defects, opportunities and threats in MOOC-based curricula. This research is applied and used a qualitative method. Methods: The statistical population of the qualitative section includes experts who have been engaged in the process of providing educational services during MOOC-based educational courses. From among this population, 14 individuals have been chosen as the statistical sample through purposive sampling. The data have been gathered through semi-structured interviews. Findings: The findings show that the most significant strengths include: promotion of access to curricula, learner-orientation, the possibility of realization in learning society, enjoying high quality teaching and promotion of dynamism. Among the most important defects are the possibility of neglecting real situations in education, the possibility of lack of proper educational organization, the possibility of an increase in the financial burden of the curriculum, the possibility of exclusivity in curriculum development, the possibility of not being able to evaluate high order thinking skills, the possibility of taking teacher freedom away, the possibility of lack of organization in evaluation, the possibility of arising problems in precise verification of the evaluated person. The most significant opportunities are supporting the extension of educational justice, the possibility of investment, supporting up-to-date knowledge, extending international communication in higher education curriculum development, the possibility of revising university curricula, facilitating the promotion of evaluation methods efficiency and making the education more applicatory. The most prominent threats are disruption in university functions, making instructors’ professions questionable, lack of educational purposiveness, incompetency of curriculum objectives, opposition of values and superficiality of curriculum objectives, instrumental exploitation of MOOCs, incompatibility between content and the audience’s needs, evaluations becoming quantitative, disregarding the market requirements in the process of evaluation and doubtfulness and pessimism towards MOOCs. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, considering the contextual conditions and planning in the field of strengthening and its optimal preparation, as conditions affecting all the components and factors involved in the design of MOOCs in higher education; universities and higher education institutions should invest in the development of a culture that seeks to discover, invent, innovate, and create curricula based on MOOCs in order to establish a knowledge-based structure; expand the scope of MOOC-based curricula in academic settings through teamwork question and answer sessions between students and faculty, group discussions, and the formation of workshops and seminars in collaboration with other institutions and higher education centers.
Original Research Paper
Educational Management
Z. Kashaniha; F. Khalvandi
Abstract
Background and Objective:As universities and higher education institutions nurture productive human capital, they are pressured by educational policymakers and society to function, be accountable, to achieve justice, and to transform society. This necessitates the reconstruction of a new concept of leadership ...
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Background and Objective:As universities and higher education institutions nurture productive human capital, they are pressured by educational policymakers and society to function, be accountable, to achieve justice, and to transform society. This necessitates the reconstruction of a new concept of leadership and its ethics. Higher education is a complementary institution to systematic primary and secondary public education and a product of the revival of civilization. Higher education can serve the development of the infrastructure and structures of society in all dimensions and facilitate the preservation and protection of the achievements and ideals of society. The higher education system has a significant share and importance in economic, social and cultural development due to its role in training skilled and specialized human resources needed by the economic and social sectors. Efficient higher education increases the efficiency of all institutions and organizations in society and, due to limited resources, increases the productivity and efficiency of individuals and organizations; Important factors such as spirituality in the workplace can play a role in the productivity of this institution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role of spirituality on the leadership effectiveness in the workplace of the university. Methods: By purposes, this research is practical and on the base of data collection, the quantitative research method is descriptive. By stratified random sampling method, 115 faculty members of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University were selected in the academic year of 2014-2015. Spirituality in the workplace Milliman et al.’s questionnaire and Ramsend's questionnaire of "Leadership Effectiveness" were used. The factual and content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by five professors in the subject area. The obtained Cronbach's alpha, by SPSS software 22 version, was 0.889 and 0.88, respectively, for the reliability of the tools. Findings:The findings showed that the coefficient influence of spirituality on leadership effectiveness is 0.75, at the level of 0.05. Also, according to the results of the standard coefficients, the meaningful work and Alignment with the organization’s values, respectively, 0.26 and 0.31 at the level of 0.05 are significant. The Alignment with the organization’s values component by itself can be as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness in the workplace of the university and can significantly explain 0.54% of total variance of leadership effectiveness in the workplace of the university. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that attention to the two components of meaningful work and alignment of values in the workplace as a predictor of leadership effectiveness can improve the effectiveness of leadership in management departments. For this purpose, it is suggested that at the level of the officials of the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, compiling the regulations in line with the educational and research duties of the professors should be included. First, it is considered valuable in terms of its value principles, and the expected expectations are in line with the spiritual values, so that the university decision-makers and policy-makers by setting strategies and goals in the upstream documents of the university, as well as defining their operation by drafting new regulations should take practical measures regarding educational and research activities to produce basic ethics knowledge among faculty members in order to create a meaningful sense of work in terms of value.
Original Research Paper
Electronic learning- virtual
Kh. Abili; F. Narenji Thani; Z.S. Mostafavi
Abstract
Background and Objective:Evaluating the quality of the teaching-learning system is a process that is done to improve the quality and increase stakeholder’s satisfaction with e-learning programs, and in line with the development of university e-learning courses, attention to the evaluation of the ...
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Background and Objective:Evaluating the quality of the teaching-learning system is a process that is done to improve the quality and increase stakeholder’s satisfaction with e-learning programs, and in line with the development of university e-learning courses, attention to the evaluation of the quality of these courses has become important in several ways. First, the managers and staff of these courses need continuous self-evaluation to increase the quality of the courses. Second, the identification of quality e-learning courses at the national and international levels will help to develop the horizons of activities in this field. Finally, the development of e-learning will allow more attention to customer orientation in higher education and education customers can choose the best option by identifying quality university courses. The aim of current study is the evaluation of learning-teaching system from the students’ viewpoint at the Faculty of Psychology and Education in the University of Tehran. Also, the research seeks to find the main related factors and variables with the evaluation of e-learning system. Methods: The current research is applied and descriptive-correlational and the research population included all students who were studying in the academic year 1394-95. The sample included 175 students selected by simple random sampling. In this study, after reviewing the literature about measuring quality at different context, 28 main indicators affecting quality of online teaching-learning systems are identified and after the survey of experts, the final model is designed. This model consists of training, technology, communication, evaluation, management, resource support, ethical and institutional dimensions based on Badhal Khan's model. Then, the research data were analyzed based on the questionnaires and research questions Findings: The results of the structural analysis indicated that the model is fit. Also the results revealed that the management actor had the most and the ethical factor has the least connection to the quality of teaching-learning system from the perspective of the students Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that in terms of desirability, students' attitudes about assessment factors in e-learning courses are at a relatively desirable level, which indicates some strengths and weaknesses of the e-learning system in the country that can provide valuable information. This provides for managers and officials of the country's higher education system to adopt principled policies and use appropriate strategies and strategies to improve and enhance the quality of dimensions, and by allocating resources and reviewing the development of appropriate standards and mechanisms for the system have proper planning and e-learning.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
N. Pouti; H. Moradimokhles; J. Heydari
Abstract
Background and Objective:In recent decades, every day we are facing new achievements in the applications of information and communication technology in the field of education and research. These new achievements have changed the expectations of education and research audiences from the level of services ...
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Background and Objective:In recent decades, every day we are facing new achievements in the applications of information and communication technology in the field of education and research. These new achievements have changed the expectations of education and research audiences from the level of services provided. Today, students and professors want easy and fast access to new scientific and research resources, interaction with each other in absentia, use of technology for better teaching and understanding, and in general, access to information and communication technology and its use for effect. Most of it is teaching and learning. To meet these expectations, universities and higher education institutions must continuously evaluate and equip themselves to achieve the desired level of access to and use of information and communication technology. The purpose of this research was to study the evolutionary trend of e-readiness assessment models with the approach of e-learning. Methods: For this purpose, the studies were examined by both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative approach, by studying the articles in this field, the observed trends in these articles are compared with each other. Findings: In the quantitative approach, the latest articles are investigated based on important parameters such as the scope of application, the type of model used, the methods of data collection and analysis, the type of transaction reviewed in the article, evaluation indicators, sources used to publish the article, geographical concentration, the outputs of the study, the types of data used. Based on the results of the qualitative approach, 4 evolutionary periods, from national and one size fits all model with top-down approach to bottom-up approach with special purpose models, are identified. In addition, results of quantitative approach indicate that infrastructure, people and service are the most important factors in electronic readiness; and national scope has been investigated more than other areas. Most studies have quantitative approach with public service orientation for citizen transactions. Also, assessment, maturity and adoption models have been the most used fundamental models in the studies. Conclusion: Comparison of the three main parameters studied in most studies, namely infrastructure, people and services, shows that the rate of infrastructure review has been decreasing and the rate of reviewing people has been increasing, and services have maintained an almost balanced rate during this period. In terms of the geographical focus of the study, the readiness assessment is in the first place in the country and then the readiness assessment is in the province or state. The basic model used for evaluation also has several approaches, the first category is related to the use of preparation models and the next category is related to maturity models. Studies have generated different outputs and have about 18 types of outputs, among which the evaluation model, evaluation framework, effective parameters, current situation, relationship of indicators, strategies and guidelines have the most frequency. In terms of the type of data collected, quantitative data had the highest multiplicity, followed by historical data and finally qualitative data. In terms of data collection methods, the questionnaire is in the first place and the interview and evaluation of the existing documents are in the next rows. In terms of data analysis, categorization, descriptive analysis and strategic analysis have the highest number
Original Research Paper
Modern Educational Approaches
B. Motiei; F. Mehdizadeh Saradj; Q. Bayzidi
Abstract
Background and Objective:Architecture is a science in which aesthetics and sensory experiences are very important and creative action is a way of thinking and understanding. The use of combination education in basic courses is very important and combination education is very important in successfully ...
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Background and Objective:Architecture is a science in which aesthetics and sensory experiences are very important and creative action is a way of thinking and understanding. The use of combination education in basic courses is very important and combination education is very important in successfully achieving educational goals. By using efficient teaching methods and scientific methods, abandoning traditional methods, challenging students' minds, applying the element of creativity at all levels of teaching and creating active and dynamic classrooms that ensure sustainable learning in students, the desired situation can be achieved. Education in architecture uses visual methods in teaching and design process. The methods of teaching basic architecture courses should be such that they develop personal feelings and gain the confidence of new students, so proper training in the studios of basic courses is of special importance to improve the skills of new students. The proper education in basic courses is very important in improving the skills of novices. The purpose of this qualitative study is to assess the pathology of architecture education in the basic courses and provide some ways to improve the skills of the novices. Methods: So, through interview with university professors and graduates of architecture and evaluating the practices of students in basic courses, the concepts related to architecture training in basic courses extracted. Then, by using the SWOT analysis, the opportunities and threats for teaching the basic courses have been identified and accordingly the solutions suggested for the dynamic education of architecture. Findings: The results of this study indicated that using the combination education of basic courses, preparation of a joint lesson plan, emphasis on individual and group exercises, with an emphasis on promoting motivation, emotional intelligence and creativity of the novice students of architecture, a dynamic education can be achieved. Conclusion: Miscellaneous training and tasteful choice of type of prerequisites exercises for design courses in some studios, lack of coordination between teachers in choosing the type of exercises and the lack of a reliable relationship between the courses cause confusion, reduced skills and abilities of new students; and as a result, their academic motivation decreases. Therefore, the need for methods to create academic motivation and increase creativity and emotional intelligence in students is essential. Accordingly, teaching prerequisite design courses with an appropriate teaching method, including the combined studio method (simultaneous and combined teaching of basic courses) promotes students' creativity, increases their academic motivation and emotional intelligence, which can be dynamic and purposeful education, according to which the quality of education is improved, and this requires the organization of methods of taste of the professors of this field that are used during the correction process. When novice architects have high motivation, creativity and emotional intelligence, they will be more able to find unique design answers, and as a result, by choosing a suitable concept, they will determine their design path and achieve an acceptable design.
Original Research Paper
e-learning
B. Azizinejad; F. Allah Karami
Abstract
Background and Objective:One of the most important issues that has occupied the education of the country today, is how education faces the opportunities and threats resulting from the expansion and development of information and communication technology and accurate and principled planning for its operation ...
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Background and Objective:One of the most important issues that has occupied the education of the country today, is how education faces the opportunities and threats resulting from the expansion and development of information and communication technology and accurate and principled planning for its operation and use. In particular, given the impact of these new technologies on teaching-learning methods and changing the role of teachers, it is necessary to provide grounds for both the Ministry of Education to identify the wealth of the teacher community and the teachers to identify and improve their skills in the application of new educational technologies. The role of information and communication technologies in the learning cycle is very important. The main goal of this research compared the effect of traditional education and ICT- based education on students’ academic enthusiasm in the eighth grade of middle school in Javanrood. Methods:The statistical society includes all eighth-grade students from middle schools in Javanrood in 2017-2018. The research made applied and the Simi statistical method used for achieving the goals. The available method used for choosing the statistical samples. So, one of the schools chose which was with the necessary facilities for performing ICT- based education, and two classes chose as control and examination groups including 27 people by using the random method. The research tool was academic enthusiasm questionnaire including 15 questions in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional subscales by 5 options Likert Scale; first, a pretest was given to each class, and then the examination group educated by the ICT and control group without them. Finally, a post- test was given to each group. The descriptive and inferential statistics used for analyzing the data. Findings: The most important findings show that there was a significant difference on base academic enthusiasm among experimental and control groups. The research results showed that the ICT-based education method has more effectiveness in comparison with the traditional education on the student’s academic enthusiasm. Conclusion: In summary, it can be said that ICT-based education has an effect on students' academic achievement and increases it. It is obvious that if this method is continued regularly and continuously during the training period, it will lead to the comprehensive growth of students, their cooperation and participation, and their mental health. Therefore, it is suggested that this method be used, especially in classes where there are students who are not eager to attend and work in the classroom, and by holding different courses for teachers to teach the, the need to use ICT and male them familiar with its benefits. Various motivational and incentive techniques can even be considered for teachers who use ICT in their teaching to take steps to promote this method. For example, it is suggested that the most active and successful teachers be identified and honored for their use of ICT. School principals are also advised to prioritize equipping schools with ICT and creating a suitable platform for this perspective so that teachers can benefit from the facilities provided in the teaching process. Also they have to provide educational support to teachers and students so that their attitudes towards ICT in learning an detaching process is strengthened.
Original Research Paper
Modern Educational Approaches
S. Mirzaei; A. Anaraki Firooz; R. Abdullah Mirzaie
Abstract
Background and Objective:Chemistry plays a fundamental role in human civilization and its place in economics, politics and life is becoming more and more prominent and covers a wide range of chemical products such as drugs, dyes, fertilizers, etc. However, the environmental damage caused by it is a major ...
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Background and Objective:Chemistry plays a fundamental role in human civilization and its place in economics, politics and life is becoming more and more prominent and covers a wide range of chemical products such as drugs, dyes, fertilizers, etc. However, the environmental damage caused by it is a major human concern. Many of us today take steps to reduce environmental impact, for example by participating in chemical recycling programs and using energy-saving light bulbs; we buy local products and maybe drive hybrid cars. But what if "we could somehow prevent pollution from the start?" Thus, with a new approach called green chemistry, chemists are being led to a new phase of research activities to develop green reactions and use them instead of the old methods, to help human health and society by eliminating toxins from chemical processes. The purpose of this research is education of green chemistry through the curriculum related to the principles of green chemistry in General Chemistry Lab 1and the effect of this educational course on learning and attitude of the pre-service chemistry teachers toward green chemistry principles. Methods: This educational course involves two green experiments implemented according to green chemistry principles. The experiments include determination of molar mass relation in a chemical reaction and determination of the amount of ascorbic acid in a tablet of vitamin C. The research methods are practical, experimental and quasi-experimental and the used instruments were the researcher-constructed tests in the field of learning and attitude domain. Statistic population of this study consists of experimental group (N=30) and control group (N=30) of the student teachers at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University in the academic year 2017-2018. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software. Findings: The obtained results show that among12 principles of Green Chemistry, students have learned the principles of 1 to 4 and 7 to 12 of these 12 principles and they have been attracted to them. In addition, the implementation of a curriculum related to the principles of green chemistry has had a positive impact on the attitude of the pre-service chemistry teachers. Conclusion: Findings from the research show that teaching the principles of green chemistry can be done based on the activity-oriented approach in the chemistry curriculum as in most developed countries. Student-teacher education can lead them to develop a positive attitude towards green chemistry and to have more motivation and desire to study chemistry based on the principles of green chemistry and to pass this attitude on to their students in the teaching process. Also, in designing the curriculum, it should be noted that in the sequence of practical activities, it should be done in such a way that it includes all the principles of green chemistry so that education based on it can give all the principles of green chemistry to learners or give them a positive attitude.
Original Research Paper
Educational Technology
M. Rahmanpourt; M.J. Liaghatdar; F. Sharifian; M. Rezaee
Abstract
Background and Objective:Every educational institution and every learner must adapt to the environment for growth and development and have the necessary skills to meet the changing needs of the society. This has special conditions in higher education and among students and graduates, and they are always ...
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Background and Objective:Every educational institution and every learner must adapt to the environment for growth and development and have the necessary skills to meet the changing needs of the society. This has special conditions in higher education and among students and graduates, and they are always expected to adapt to the environmental conditions inside and outside the education system. Using information and communication technologies that are available to them in various forms can be a logical and desirable solution. Purposeful use of these technologies in the field of education is now known as educational technology, which has been expanded on a large scale to increase teaching and learning activities. The student of educational technology is both a producer of information, a consumer, and a link between producer and consumer; and this is where the sense of responsibility comes into play. It is not easy to prepare a curriculum for such students in such a dynamic environment; as it must both meet the needs of students and take into account the changing needs of society and the labor market. At the same time, the mission and nature of the field must be preserved and developed. What is important is that simply issuing the curriculum and implementing it in universities will not be enough. Evaluating and reviewing this program in order to present and suggest a desirable and appropriate curriculum is important and vital. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the curriculum of educational technology from the perspective of graduate students. Methods: Quantitative research was conducted using a survey method. The population, who were senior students of educational technology at senior level in the public universities of Arak, Bu-Ali, Kharazmi and Allameh Tabatabaei in Iran were sampled. Due to limited number of the population, all of them were selected by consensus. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by 5 experts and with a Cronbach's alpha of .89. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. At the descriptive statistics level, the frequency, mean and standard deviation indicators were used and at inferential statistics level t test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were utilized. Findings: The results showed that graduate students are not satisfied with master curriculum of educational technology. In other words, final year students who had experienced the curriculum believed that the curriculum was not in line with their needs and expectations. Conclusion: Although the averages were lower than average in all components of the MA curriculum of the major Educational Technology, but there is no reason for the inefficiency of this field and its inappropriate implementation in the country's universities. Part of this dissatisfaction may be due to university management rather than the curriculum. Because universities and departments cannot expect much from professors and students if they cannot provide the necessary facilities and conditions for the implementation of the curriculum. Of course, continuous review and trending of curricula in order to apply this field due to its nature and mission at the national and international levels is an inevitable necessity.
