Educational Technology
M. Jahanifar; M. Hormozi Nejad
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Computer modelling helps a lot in learning comprehensive scientific concepts, including the causal mechanisms of phenomena, which is challenging for novice learners. Despite the many studies that have been published to show the effectiveness of using computers in the classroom, ...
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Background and Objectives: Computer modelling helps a lot in learning comprehensive scientific concepts, including the causal mechanisms of phenomena, which is challenging for novice learners. Despite the many studies that have been published to show the effectiveness of using computers in the classroom, fewer studies have investigated the use of computer modelling and its effects on students' thinking. The causal structure of many natural and physics phenomena, the emphasis of science education standards on systems thinking development, and its improvement in students, the key role of causal reasoning in a better understanding of science, the increasing use of computer technologies in the physics classroom, the rapid development of computer software and Internet systems for modelling and simulating the real world in order to help physics teaching and learning, and to solve the shortcomings of paper modelling with the help of computers, prompted researchers to investigate the effectiveness of using computer modelling in the physics classroom to see how it would improve the students’ causal reasoning. Investigating the effectiveness of computer modelling on students' understanding of causal links and reasoning in physics phenomena is the main goal of this research.Methods: A sample of 80 secondary high school students in the 11th grade was selected and participated in a semi-experimental design, consisting of two classes of 20 students (using computer modelling) and two classes of 20 students (using conceptual modelling on paper). The students' scores of the causal reasoning were collected in pre-test and post-test; to remove the pre-test effect (mental retention of answers), analysis of covariance was used. In this analysis, the effect of the pre-test scores on the post-test scores was first predicted with the help of simple linear regression, and after removing this effect, the difference between the post-test mean values of causal reasoning between the groups was explored with the analysis of variance. In this research, the mean difference was investigated both for the type of modelling (computer and paper) and for gender; therefore, due to having two independent variables, the analysis of covariance was two-way. With this analysis, the effect of the interaction between the gender variable and the teaching method was also measured.Findings: Compared to paper modelling, computer modelling was effective in increasing students' ability to present coherent causal expressions and better explanations of scientific evidence and ideas, and enriched their systems thinking. Recognizing the reasoning elements, gathering evidence and expressing their reasons in order to end reasoning, as well as the coherence of reasoning, were more difficult for students who were trained with paper modelling than for those who were trained with the help of computer modelling. The findings showed that the connection among the pieces of evidence was one of the most difficult parts of physics reasoning. In fact, the student's ability to integrate the pieces of evidence in order to conclude the argument and express the result was less than their other reasoning abilities. However, computer modelling could improve this ability better than paper modellingConclusion: This quasi-experimental design helped us to reach important conclusions about the differences in causal reasoning between two different groups. Using computer tools can handle the learning of relatively complex cognitive skills such as causal reasoning. Computer simulation and conceptual models that are produced with computers can help to explain more causal links and more coherence of reasoning in physics classrooms. Therefore, we recommend curriculum designers and physics teachers use more computer simulation and modelling in order to strengthen system thinking in physics classrooms, and scientific explanations with the help of causal reasoning.
Educational Technology
A. M. Mousavi Harris; R. Ebrahimpour
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Methods of pedagogy, for a long time, have been a social practice based on direct experiences from the past, and many of teaching methods have been traditionally formed. These methods were not supported by a scientific theory-based system and failed to keep up with the rapidly ...
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Background and Objectives: Methods of pedagogy, for a long time, have been a social practice based on direct experiences from the past, and many of teaching methods have been traditionally formed. These methods were not supported by a scientific theory-based system and failed to keep up with the rapidly changing social needs. Neuroeducation is an experimental science and an interdisciplinary field that applies the latest theoretical advances in the human brain and psychology to education. By studying the theories in neuroeducation, it enables us to improve optimal presentation of contents for a course, teaching strategy and teaching methods of new subjects, and simultaneously improve students' computational thinking ability. One way that these theories can be tested is to study how decision-making is formed in the human brain. Goal-based decisions and behaviors depend on both sensory evidence mechanisms that collect perceptual information from the outside and mechanisms that select appropriate behaviors based on that sensory information which is decision-making mechanisms. Behaviorism is one of the basic foundations of theories of learning and behavior. One way to study behavior in detail is to use computational models based on brain biology that have been developed by neuroscientists in recent years. In this paper we try to explore the relationship between neuroeducation and pedagogy by studying theoretical achievements in computational neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience and psychology.Methods: To investigate this issue, a neural-computational model of brain-based for decision making was used. This model consists of two recurrent dynamic neurons that can explore how perceptual decisions are formed in complex behavioral spaces and show the key parameters of decision-making process. In this study, we designed three different experiments in the model that included the accuracy-speed trade-off when responding, the effect of attention on decision making, and the impact of the confidence of decision, and then analyzed how the parameters and model's behavior change then we map the parameters to the classroom and changes in student’s brain. Finally, we used linear regression model to study the relationships and correlations between the parameters of the model’s behavior.Findings: The results showed that using this decision-making computational model opened a way to study the speed-accuracy trade-off of students while answering exam questions and then, by using the model, an optimal trade-off could be found to answer the questions. Also, the analysis of model parameters showed that the level of students' attention in the classroom could be measured by the model and it had an important effect on decision making and answering the questions. Finally, the model could show the effect of students’ confidence on their performance and based on the fitted data of the model to students' behavioral data, we could make optimal suggestions from the perspective of educational psychology.Conclusion: In this study, we show that by using decision-making neural-computational models, students' behavior in the classroom can be modeled. Educational science experts and psychologists in the field of pedagogy can use the findings to provide the best and most optimal teaching methods for teaching easily and the flourishing of students' creativity.
Educational Technology
M. Khakzand; F. Fakourian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the process of architectural education, visual perception is an important tool to reach creative ideas, and its defects are one of the main reasons for learning disability. It has led to extensive research in the field of educational technology regarding the type and method ...
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Background and Objectives: In the process of architectural education, visual perception is an important tool to reach creative ideas, and its defects are one of the main reasons for learning disability. It has led to extensive research in the field of educational technology regarding the type and method of visual perception intervention to improve the quality of education. For this purpose, the main goal of the research is to develop a tool to identify the level of students' visual perception, which plays a very important role in identifying their abilities and perceptual levels. There are various tests available to check visual perception at different ages, including four tests ((TVPS - 4), (DTVP - A/DTVP-2), (OT - APST), (Frostig Test)) that have been used for young and healthy people.Methods: In the current research, the above tests are extended to create a new test demanding to distinguish visual capabilities and defects in architecture students. In the first step, the opinions of architecture and psychology experts are used via a questionnaire and considering final improvements, opinions are presented on subtests reform. The presented visual perception test consists of nine sub-tests derived from three initial branches named spatial, visual, and mental skills. To determine the standard of students and calculate the reliability and validity of the test, 90 people from the second year of Bachelor of Architecture at Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas are selected by judgmental sampling method, and the test is conducted on them as a group.Findings: The findings include the norm scores for test separately derived from 9 sub-tests by gender and semester through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha, which is 0.631. Validity determination is applied through the criterion of the grades of the introductory course 3, expression 3, and architecture design 1, and their average is calculated as the correlation coefficients between the scores obtained from the test. Finally, it is found that in this test, the growth of visual perception in women is more than that of men.Conclusion: The findings are in line with the results obtained by other cooperative researchers. This means that the perception test has acceptable validity. Calculating the correlation depends on homogeneous terms the grades of expression 2, introductions 3, and design 1 and their average, which has high homogeneity. Finally, methods have been presented that can have an effective interference on the results of the visual perception test. In addition to the development of the visual perception test, the results can bring suggestions in the future planning of practical architecture lessons and introduce areas for further research. The results of the present research can be useful for measuring the visual perception of undergraduate architecture students and play an effective role in the curriculum planning of architecture as well as interdisciplinary fields. It should be noted that in the field of academic planning, semesters and theoretical and practical courses, more extensive research can be planned and implemented to generalize the results. This article also summarizes the successful experiences and challenges of improving pedagogical methods.
Educational Technology
Z. Chenari; M. Rezaeizadeh; B. Bandali
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The increasing speed of environmental changes and the intensification of competition among organizations have caused organizations to seek solutions for greater flexibility in responding to environmental needs and changes. In fact, moving towards creating organizations that ...
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Background and Objectives: The increasing speed of environmental changes and the intensification of competition among organizations have caused organizations to seek solutions for greater flexibility in responding to environmental needs and changes. In fact, moving towards creating organizations that have a high degree of flexibility in adapting to a changing environment is a vital and effective solution. One of the effective factors in keeping pace with changes in the environment is the improvement of organizational performance. In this regard, the importance and attention to the development, and improvement of human resources leads to the improvement of organizational performance. There are various strategies and methods for the development and improvement of human resources. One of the ways to develop and improve human resources is coaching. In fact, coaching has created a new approach to staff learning and development. Since information technology is a link among all modern sciences and determines the development of human resources, it has created a new concept in coaching. This research focuses on coaching and information technology. In fact, the purpose of this study is to design a prototype of coaching software as one of the tools to optimize the performance of human resources and ultimately improve organizational performance.Methods: The information of this study was obtained using a mixed approach. The mixed approach benefits from two parts, namely qualitative and quantitative, to achieve the research result. Therefore, the present study used the phenomenological method in the qualitative part and the survey method in the quantitative part. The research instruments in the qualitative part was the focus group method. In the quantitative part of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the information. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section were specialists in the field of education and human resources, from among them 10 people were selected using the method of snowball sampling. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative part were the top managers of Mashhad Power Distribution Company. From this statistical population, the top managers of the western part of the company, which included 20 people, were selected to perform a usability test.Findings: The data obtained from the qualitative part of the research included 4 components for designing the coaching software, which was based on the prototype model of software development. The data obtained from the research were quantitatively analyzed by SPSS software. Quantitative data analyzed by the software showed that the aforementioned software has the required usability to be implemented in organizations and used by individuals.Conclusion: The present study with laying emphasis on reducing the generation gap between managers and current employees and the individuals who will be employed in the organization and also; and with laying emphasis on technology design by education and human resources experts and examining the existing human resources software, sought to design a prototype of coaching software with features such as communication, cognition, problem facilitation process and problem coping, belief in the ability of individuals and motivational dimensions, and implementation of the selected solution and 360-degree evaluation. The aforementioned features were not seen in the Iranian software examined in the study. In addition to the above features, the distinguishing feature of the aforementioned software is attention to the Cohen and Bradford coaching model, and being process-oriented and feedback-oriented.
Educational Technology
H. Khosh Akhlagh; M. Eslami
Abstract
stage requires invoking interest and motivation among them. In this regard their proper level of motivation can only be achieved through the right educational approach. This motivation is more important in elementary school because in this period, the educational infrastructure of students is formed ...
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stage requires invoking interest and motivation among them. In this regard their proper level of motivation can only be achieved through the right educational approach. This motivation is more important in elementary school because in this period, the educational infrastructure of students is formed and it has a great impact on higher education levels. The purpose of this study was to present a model to strengthen the academic motivation of elementary school students with emphasis on educational technologies.Methods: The present study is an applied study in terms of purpose; in terms of nature and research method, it is considered as qualitative. The statistical population of the study consisted of university professors and experts in the field of education who were selected by purposive sampling. Experts in this study were people who had at least 15 years of studying or teaching experience in providing educational models. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was obtained. Finally, 20 university professors and experts from Isfahan province answered the research questions. To check the validity of the measurement tool, content validity was used and interview questions were given to the professors and experts to be checked in terms of their accuracy. Also, to determine the reliability of the measuring instrument, the value of interclass correlation coefficient in terms of compatibility and absolute agreement was confirmed. Interviews with experts were in the form of four main questions related to general factors affecting the motivation of elementary school students, factors affecting the motivation of elementary school students in relation to information and communication technology, factors affecting the motivation of elementary school students in relation to the teacher and factors affecting the motivation of primary school students were related to the students themselves. Interpretive structural modeling approach using MATLAB software was used to analyze the data.Findings: The findings of Mick Mac analysis showed that eight factors were related to strengthening the academic motivation of elementary school students with emphasis on educational technologies which are divided into two categories of influential and linking factors with regard to permeability and dependence. The factors including students’ attitudes, knowledge of information and communication technology, teachers' attitudes, quality of content and the need for technical and telecommunication infrastructures in relation to the subject were highly guided and highly dependent. In addition, the factors of perceived ease, perceived usefulness and system quality had the highest impact and the least impact in the current model compared to that of other components, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that such factors as students’ attitudes, information and communication technology knowledge, teachers' attitudes, content quality and the need for technical and telecommunication infrastructure had a prominent role in motivating students so that they could predict their motivational trajectory. In addition, perceived ease, perceived usefulness, and quality of the educational system based on interpretive structural modeling resulted in both having motivated students to learn more and increasing their motivation to learn. Increasing teachers’ familiarity with up-to-date information and technological knowledge and correcting students' attitudes towards academic motivation were some of the practical suggestions in this article.
Educational Technology
S. hazrati ghasemgheshlaghi; Y. Mahdavinasab; S. Ghasemtabar
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The creation of an educational system that has the potential to educate students to live in a world which is constantly changing is one of the fundamental goals of education in developed societies, so it is not surprising that many educational systems decide to use modern educational ...
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Background and Objectives: The creation of an educational system that has the potential to educate students to live in a world which is constantly changing is one of the fundamental goals of education in developed societies, so it is not surprising that many educational systems decide to use modern educational technologies to achieve an advanced system. One of the reasons for the efficiency of advanced educational systems is that they study teaching and learning methods and always use the best and most effective methods. Therefore, it is predicted that using augmented reality as an emerging tool to promote innovation in conventional educational systems can facilitate the achievement of educational goals. On the other hand, multimedia designing principles in the digital educational applicatins is very important and must be considered in augmented reality design. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the use of conversational education style and formal education style in augmented reality on the learning rate of natural science course for eighth-grade high-school students.Method: The statistical population of the study included eighth-grade schools of Alborz province in the academic year 2020 – 2021; and the students of three classes were assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. The research metod was experimental by pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The experiment group was trained by the augmented reality application aids in formal style and another experiment group with augmented reality application in conversational style and a control group with the convetnitonal instruction. The measurement instrument was a experimental science achievement test and its validity was assessed by teachers and educational technology experts.Findings: The results of ANCOVA test showed that there was a significant difference among the scores of the control, conversational education and formal education groups on learning of experimental sciences (F=133.13, p <0.05); and thtat the use of a conversational teaching style compared to the conventional teaching had a significant effect on learning. The difference between the mean scores of the control group and the two groups of conversational education and formal education was significant (p <0.05). The use of both formal and augmented reality teaching styles was more effective as compared to the control group and led to better learning of experimental sciences in eighth-grade high-school students. Also, the difference between the mean scores of the formal education group and the conversational education group was significant (p <0.05); and the use of an augmented reality conversational teaching style was more effective than the formal teaching method and led to better learning of the experimental sciences.Conclusion: According to the collected data and the results of the analyzes, the learning outcomes of the group trained with augmented reality application in the form of formal education were significant with the control group. On the other hand, the results of the comparison of the group that received training from the augmented reality application in the style of dialogue training with the control group were significant. Also, the results of comparing the group that was trained with the augmented reality application in the style of conversational education with the group that were trained with the augmented reality application in the style of formal education were significant and, in general, the use of conversational style was more effective for learning.
Educational Technology
M. Alizadehjamal
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Farhangian University, by changing the attitude of student-teachers to the issue of education as well as raising the level of specialized knowledge and professional skills of student-teachers, including the use of technology in all areas can make fundamental improvements ...
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Background and Objectives: Farhangian University, by changing the attitude of student-teachers to the issue of education as well as raising the level of specialized knowledge and professional skills of student-teachers, including the use of technology in all areas can make fundamental improvements in educational approaches, curricula and methods of better education for students. In the meantime, since mathematics is one of the main courses for students in all levels of education, so special attention should be paid to the teachers who are responsible for teaching this course in both elementary and high school. On the other hand, one of the basic skills for the success of a math teacher in all areas of education, training, administration and professional development is the skill of familiarity with and application of technology. The integration of information and communication technology in the curriculum, especially in mathematics, and evaluating its effectiveness has always been one of the common concerns of those involved in the educational system; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University in terms of technology application from the perspective of managers based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy.Materials and Methods: The research method, based on the applied purpose and data collection , was a descriptive survey type and the statistical population included 57 graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University who had started teaching in schools of North Khorasan province in the academic year of 2017 to 2019. Due to the limited statistical population, all 57 people were evaluated in this study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the evaluation axes of John Wales and Joseph Bundy models and was collected and completed by school principals. After confirming the validity of the questionaire, its reliability was found to be 0.95, using Cronbach's alpha. In inferential statistics section, the t-test was used to analyze the data and generalize the results using SPSS - V23 software.Findings: The findings of the study showed that graduates of the field of mathematics education at Farhangian University had a good performance in terms of using technology from the perspective of school principals in five of the six components of the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy (that is, improvement and training, professional growth, human relations, administrative affairs, curriculum planning) and their performance score in these five components was higher than the average, but in another component (that is, assessment), they did not have a good performance and their performance score in this component was lower than the average..Conclusion: It can be concluded that the quality of performance of the graduates of mathematics education from Farhangian University of North Khorasan has been favorable on average in terms of technology application from the perspective of school principals based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy in a total of six components of improvement and training, professional growth, human relations, assessment, administrative affairs, and curriculum planning. . On the other hand, due to the low score obtained in the evaluation component, it seems that more attention is paid to providing the course of "assessment and evaluation of learning mathematics " based on the skills of applying new technologies. Moreover, holding workshops on technology application in the field of assessment will help the graduates in the field of mathematics to achieve more familiarity and better performance in this area.
Educational Technology
B. Salimi; Y. Namvar; A. Rastgoo; T. Soleimani
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The efforts of today's societies to keep up with the increasing changes in the field of technology have been extended to the field of education. The speed of change and development of technologies and its impact on educational processes, along with the challenges and opportunities ...
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Background and Objectives: The efforts of today's societies to keep up with the increasing changes in the field of technology have been extended to the field of education. The speed of change and development of technologies and its impact on educational processes, along with the challenges and opportunities of using new technologies have been witnesses in the realm of education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of new technologies on future educational trends based on review studies on external resources, internal resources and interviews with educational experts.Methods: This research has been done with a qualitative approach and content analysis method. The statistical population includes documents, articles, dissertations, video lectures and educational conferences, research projects and reports related to the research topic and accessible in the last two decades, as well as the results of semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 experts in the field of education in Ardabil province, Iran. The data are qualitatively coded, analyzed and categorized in a three-step "content analysis" method.Findings: Findings of this study were compiled under the two main themes of "positive impact of technology on education" and "challenges of technology and education"; the first main theme was classified with 40 sub-themes and the second main theme with 34 sub-themes.The need to pay attention to the effects of technology on individual structures and opportunities, reducing costs, automated solutions and increasing efficiency, improving the teaching process, etc. can be part of the sub-themes obtained under the main theme of "positive impact of technology on education.” Also under the theme of challenges of technology and education, sub-themes of non-compliance of existing standards with emerging standards, the need for new ways and infrastructure to transfer education in future schools, cross-border technology, Internet expansion, culture-startup, how management of complexity and uncertainty, the state of adhesion and the influence of technology in the culture of society, etc. were obtained.Conclusion: Attending to and planning for a systematic change in the future education system can be inferred from the findings of this study.
Educational Technology
H.R. Ghezelsefloo; S.H. Alavi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Research on the growing trend of using technology in the sports industry shows that the establishment of various sports technologies as a multifaceted tool has been able to minimize the challenges in organizing sports competitions by developing perceptual skills and reducing ...
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Background and Objectives: Research on the growing trend of using technology in the sports industry shows that the establishment of various sports technologies as a multifaceted tool has been able to minimize the challenges in organizing sports competitions by developing perceptual skills and reducing incorrect and non-efficient decisions. The use of Hawk-Eye technology, the technology of detecting the point of contact of the ball with the court in the sports such as golf and rugby and the assistance video referee in volleyball, tennis and football are the latest applied technologies in the field of refereeing. On the one hand, the growth of this phenomenon is rooted in the limitation of human capabilities and on the other hand, it reflects the ability to determine and predict the stopping point for technology to play a role in performing complex and sensitive tasks. Therefore, one of the most important topics of technological influence is related to the category of refereeing in sports events. The ambiguity of many mistakes and lack of ways to identify them correctly and the confusion of the referees in making the right decision, have always been the headlines of the sports media. Despite considerable human resistance, ball and athletes control and tracking technologies have been widely used in world volleyball competitions during offensive and defensive use through the use of high-tech cameras and Hawk-Eye System. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of event-based sports technologies on the training and career development of referees in the Iran Volleyball Super League.Methods: The present study was a descriptive research and was conducted adopting mixed exploratory method. In the qualitative phase, 10 international referees were present in semi-organized interviews by judgmental sampling method. Due to the limitations of the coronavirus outbreak, this phase of the research was conducted in the form of a telephone interview and the creation of a research group in a social media to achieve theoretical saturation. In the quantitative phase of the research, 130 official referees of the Volleyball Federation were selected through purposive sampling as the statistical sample of the research. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the qualitative phase of the research including the variables of judgment quality, opportunity for growth and promotion, teaching and learning, judgment security and media coverage. The internal reliability of the scale was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method (α≥0.78). In order to analyze the data, after ensuring the good of fit research index based on triple indicators (structural fit, measurement fit and overall research pattern fit), PLS-3 software and SPSS software were used (P≤0.05).Findings: Examining the triple indicators of convergent validity verified the overall validity of the research model; the values of the indicators confirmed the optimal power of the obvious constructs in predicting the final constructs of the research (job efficiency). The results showed a direct and significant effect of technology on five dimensions of referee’s job performance. Also, the results of model path analysis showed that the teaching and learning (LF=0.67, t=11.59, P≤0.05) and judgment quality (LF=0.65,t=8.47, P≤0.05) had the greatest impact on sports technologyConclusion: Restrictions on presence in all scenes as well as inappropriate viewing angles are the sources of many wrong decisions. Despite numerous pauses and video check requests by coaches, it is frequently used as a strategy to interrupt and review their tactical goals, but because of the undeniable consequences of technology in training dimension and error-free judging, 93% of the referees had a pro-technology approach in competitions. Therefore, the managers of the referee committee of the Volleyball Federation can provide the conditions for the growth and presence of more Iranian referees in international tournaments by establishing technologies related to competitions, in addition to reducing refereeing mistakes.
Educational Technology
N. Alebrahim; R. Zarei; N. Shahamat; M. Amirianzadeh
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Different aspects of human societies are evolving at an astonishing rate, and as a result new domains of knowledge are being created that address human beings’ needs; therefore, education must function with greater speed and quality in these arenas. The purpose of this ...
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Background and Objectives: Different aspects of human societies are evolving at an astonishing rate, and as a result new domains of knowledge are being created that address human beings’ needs; therefore, education must function with greater speed and quality in these arenas. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of learning technology in education.Methods: The present study was conducted qualitatively. Statistical population consisted of three groups: a) published studies related to learning technology that have been published in prestigious local and foreign journals, b) specialists in the field of leaning technology, and c) upstream documents of education. The statistical sample of this research was divided into three groups: a) 82 international studies of the last two years and 210 local studies, b) interviewing the 22 experts of learning technology, and ) Upstream documents (Fundamental Transformation Document, National Curriculum, Vision 1404, Comprehensive Scientific Map of the country, General Policy of the Parliament). The data collection instrument included an open-ended interview with the participants. Data analysis was performed based on the content analysis. After extracting the codes, the main categories were extracted using axial coding. Then, by discovering the relationship among the central categories, and selective coding, the central category was identified. To validate the data, methods of feedback to participants, researcher review and stance, alignment with scientific sources and key educational documents were used. The reliability of the findings was also assessed eliciting the experts’ comments.Findings: In the context analysis section, it was indicated that in the backgrounds of 137 concepts, 15 components were the most important components of learning technology. From the interviews that were conducted, 128 concepts and 16 components were the most important factors. The examination of the upstream documents revealed that 156 concepts and 26 components were the most important components of learning technology. As the findings of this study showed, 7 criteria and 26 related indicators were applied to learning technology.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated important points that can provide valuable information for educational administrators in the field of learning technology to take basic steps to improve and enhance the quality and effectiveness of this field by adopting principled policies. By classifying the sub-components, the main components were extracted and the network of themes was drawn. As the findings of this study showed, 7 criteria and 26 related indicators were applied to learning technology. These criteria include system capability, individual empowerment, knowledge sharing, interaction with the environment, learning sharing, financial resources, content production. The system capability component included virtual capability, new capability, space and equipment supply, supply and equipment supply principles. Individual empowerment encompassed attitude, empowerment of individuals towards a collective perspective, readiness for change, and principles of technology use. Knowledge sharing entailed encouraging colleagues and group learning, knowledge acquisition, and leadership model and support. Promoting research and exchange results from the connection of the organization with the environment, learning environment, the field of training and learning work and technology. Learning sharing included continuous learning opportunity, learning sharing and system establishment, core knowledge, e-learning, comprehensive goals, learner role validity, teacher (instructor) authority role validation, and teaching-learning. Financial resources entailed principles of financing. Finally, the content production component was identified, which included content production policies.
Educational Technology
M. Ranjbarfard; M. Zandvakili
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, the presence of computers in training classes has been expanded. Therefore, preparing appropriate software and games as well as conducting research to examine their impact on education and their comparison with the traditional teaching method (face-to-face and PowerPoint) ...
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Background and Objectives: Today, the presence of computers in training classes has been expanded. Therefore, preparing appropriate software and games as well as conducting research to examine their impact on education and their comparison with the traditional teaching method (face-to-face and PowerPoint) is essential. However, a game-based and a professional software-based teaching method as compared to the traditional teaching method has not been evaluated from the perspective of the students including various aspects, such as motivation, satisfaction, interaction, pleasure and learning. This study aims at making a comparison between the evaluation of various teaching methods, including game-based , professional software-based , and traditional teaching method. The evaluation of each of these three methods has been conducted from the perspective of the students in one of the courses of the field of Financial Management, using measures such as pleasure and interaction.Methods: First, the theoretical framework and the research hypothesis were determined based on the literature on three teaching methods, including game-based and professional software-based, and traditional teaching methods. The statistical population of this study comprised of 70 individuals who were undergraduate students of the course of technical analysis at the Financial Centre of Iran as well as at the Association of Stock Exchange Brokers. The selection of this course was due to the possibility of running all the three teaching methods in the time period of conducting this research. The evaluation data for each of these teaching methods were gathered, using a separate closed questionnaire (totally 3 questionnaires) with 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaires of the traditional and software teaching methods were distributed after 3 sessions of the classes had passed and the questionnaire of the game-based teaching method was distributed after 14 days of running the game (this was one of the time periods defined in the game). The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and Excel. The paired t-test was used to analyze the differences in the evaluation of the three teaching methods at the significance level equal to 0.005. The normality of data was tested and confirmed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test before running the paired t-test. Findings: In the comparison of professional software-based with the traditional teaching method at the significance level of 0.000 and t= 6.454, it can be said that professional software-based teaching was better. In the comparison of game-based with traditional teaching method at the significance level of 0.000 and t=6.097, it can be said that game-based teaching method was better. In the comparison of professional software-based with game-based teaching method, at the significance level of 0.000 and t=4.861, it can be said that game-based teaching method was better. The mean for game-based teaching method was significantly much higher than that of the other teaching methods. This means that based on their ability, the students were more satisfied with the game-based teaching method; they regarded this method more interactive; they have enjoyed this teaching method more than the others; and this teaching method has increased their motivation, and they have regarded it more effective in their learning.Conclusions: With respect to the significant difference in the evaluation of the game-based teaching method compared with other two teaching methods, it is recommended that the educational institutes, teachers and developers of computer games pay more attention to game-based teaching method and gamification with the teaching objectives. At least, based on the subject and content of the course, besides the traditional method (face-to-face and PowerPoint) which is a common method in teaching, use of a combination of various teaching methods including game-based professional software-based teaching method along with the traditional method can be beneficial and increase the level of satisfaction, learning, motivation, capability, interaction and pleasure of the students. Lack of teaching games relevant to academic courses was one of the main challenges of this research. As a result, it was impossible to study the effect of game elements (such as leaderboards, scores, medals, …) in teaching through game-based method. Due to the impossibility of running educational games related to academic courses in the time period in which the research was being conducted, the spatial scope of the research was limited to two organizations in Tehran province and it was impossible to gather data from other educational institutions and in other classrooms for the other courses.
Educational Technology
S. A. Faregh; Y. Saffari; M. Jafari Sisis
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Education is an integral part of human life. At present, the educational books and the one-dimensional media which they contain, such as images, diagrams, tables, and the like play an important/significant role in this domain. Gamification, as a new and potential phenomenon, ...
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Background and Objectives: Education is an integral part of human life. At present, the educational books and the one-dimensional media which they contain, such as images, diagrams, tables, and the like play an important/significant role in this domain. Gamification, as a new and potential phenomenon, adds a new era into the area of educational technologies in which educational concepts are taught to the users through a gamified scenario. Today, the integration of new technologies with existing teaching and learning methods in order to improve the learning process is one of the most important issues that require a comprehensive study. Conflict, meanwhile, is an issue that arises in the individual and group life of any society, and its proper management requires proper teaching and learning. In line with using digital games as a means of gamfication, the present study aimes at examining the effect of this method on the teaching and learning of conflict management and comparing it with the existing (traditional) method.Methods: After studying the findings and the research methods of former studies, an experimental study was conducted in a quasi-pre-and-post-experimental framework on the conflict management of two digital games. For this purpose, 60 female participants were randomly selected varying from 18-to-55-year-old women's community in Tehran and Tabriz. Participants were randomly divided into three equal groups of 20 people among which two groups were experimental and one group was the control and each group was tested with a separate game. The measuring instrument in this study was the Thomas-Kilmann normative questionnaire. The testing process consisted of two standard web games called "The raise" and "The costumer service" which were used as test intervention. The control group was trained by means of traditional education (based on written documents) and the experimental group was trained by means of computer games.Findings: The analysis of covariance of results in SPSS software with the Alpha of 0.05 indicates that computer games have a significant relationship with improving the level of conflict management in individuals. On the other hand, examining the growth charts of individuals’ conflict management level that have been extracted based on the results of the pre-test and post-test questionnaire of Thomas-Kilman shows that in conflict management training, computer games are more effective than academic and traditional education.Conclusions: The findings of the analyses conducted on the results of the experiments in this study showed that the interactive nature of multimedia digital games increases the attractiveness of the educational topics.Therefore, conflict management training, as compared to traditional training, has been able to influence the level of "cooperation", "competition", "adaptability" and "avoidance" of the individuals, both through "The Raise" and "The Customer Service" games, , and it has also been more effective in teaching the conflict management styles. Exploring these issues in a heuristic manner among participants also suggests that educational materials based on traditional and text-based education have not been attractive enough to engage test-takers and have imposed a high cognitive load of comprehension on them. However, the computer games in the experimental groups could attract more attention toward learning and could provide the test-takers with better comprehension of the issues. Finally, it can be concluded that gamification has a positive effect on the process of teaching and learning conflict management.
Educational Technology
M. A. Ghashami; F. Nasiri
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The progress and development of a country depends, more than anything, on its human resources. It is a human force that, with the power of thought contemplation/thinking and the optimal use of material resources, causes the progress of a society. These cases have led policymakers ...
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Background and Objectives: The progress and development of a country depends, more than anything, on its human resources. It is a human force that, with the power of thought contemplation/thinking and the optimal use of material resources, causes the progress of a society. These cases have led policymakers and thinkers to pay more attention to the concept of entrepreneurship so that the last model of development is considered to be the development arising from entrepreneurship. Therefore, the need for entrepreneurial graduates and students has increased and the goal of many prestigious universities in the world is to nurture students and consequently entrepreneurial graduates. Various factors influence the formation of entrepreneurial behavior among which self-efficacy is one of the most important factors that affect entrepreneurial behavior. Self-efficacy is one of the cognitive talents of entrepreneurship Therefore, recognizing the factors related to students' entrepreneurial behavior, such as communication skills and information literacy, can provide a good platform for the development of entrepreneurial attitude and behavior and, finally, by cultivating these talents, the existing fields of entrepreneurship can be exploited utilized and positive results consequences in higher education can be achieved. The aim of this study was to investigate examining the relationship between communication skills with students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy with the mediating role of information literacy.Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included 6701 undergraduate students of Bu Ali Sina University, 364 people using stratified random sampling method based on Krejcie and Morgan table were selected. Standard questionnaires of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, communication skills and information literacy were used to collect research data. The validity of the questionnaires was calculated using content and face validity, and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was estimated to be 0.95, 0.85 and 0.95, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.Findings: Findings showed that all relationships between variables are significant and the theoretical model of the research is approved and accepted as the final model. The mediating role of information literacy was also revealed and the relationship between communication skills and information literacy and its components was positive and significant and communication skills and its components were predictors of information literacy. There is also a positive and significant relationship between communication skills and entrepreneurial self-efficacy and its components.Conclusions: There is a relationship between communication skills and students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy with the mediating role of information literacy. The present study, like any other research, was faced with limitations, such as limitation of using the questionnaire as the only data collection tool and not using other tools as well as geographical and educational restrictions. Therefore, it is suggested that the present study had better be conducted in other geographical areas and educational courses so that generalizability power of the findings can be increased. In line with the findings of the present study, it is suggested that by holding workshops and training classes, students can be introduced to appropriate communication methods and skills and be empowered in this field. It is recommended that the officials and professors, considering the important effects of communication skills and information literacy, primarily pay more attention to this important issue and follow them more in order to be a suitable model for students. The next suggestion is that the university should provide more appropriate access and optimal use of information.
Educational Technology
A. Dana; S. Ghorbani; A. Fathizadan
Abstract
education is increasing among sports researchers. Although the use of written methods is the first step in the influence of technology in physical education, with the advancement of computers and new technologies, the method of media education is fully developed and has created an interaction between ...
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education is increasing among sports researchers. Although the use of written methods is the first step in the influence of technology in physical education, with the advancement of computers and new technologies, the method of media education is fully developed and has created an interaction between learning and bridging the gap between audio education and audio-visual education. Physical education is one of the most important subject matters in the field of education to educate students to be sociable and responsible. As the use of educational technology can increase the participation of students more actively and engage them in this lesson, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects mentioned and the use of technology in the learning and teaching of physical education in schools. Methods: The present study is a qualitative-observational and case study that was conducted through interviews and observation of activities. The statistical population is all students and teachers of Gorgan city in Iran. Three schools were randomly selected from among the selected schools. Eight students were randomly selected from each class. Six teachers from each school were randomly selected to be interviewed. Three methods have been used to collect data for this research: 1) interview with the teacher, 2) interview with students, 3) observation of the classes during the activity. To achieve the objectives of the research, special classifications were made. These classifications are as follows: 1) Observing the quality of physical education (entertainment, activity, progress), and 2) Observing the performance of oneself and others (self-efficacy, motivation and group dynamics). In this study, video cameras were used to record the performance of students to increase motivation and learning physical education among them. Data were collected during two periods of school observation and telephone interview with the teacher a few days after the second observation.Findings: The results showed that students value learning new skills in physical education such as combat (5 people agreed) and entertainment (5 people agreed) and consider it a key component for quality of physical education. More interestingly, the students believed that the use of videotaping for recording their performance increased the success of the lesson. Students also consider the use of technology in physical education as one of the methods for successful physical education. In this regard, teachers find the use of technology in physical education in schools more useful and believed that it affects the emotional and social developments of students. Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that students have considered activeness, being in a group, staying healthy and having fun as the main components of the quality of physical education. Teachers believe that a virtual tutor is a good way to motivate students.Conclusion: Technology should be for the awareness and improvement of the quality of physical education and learning, and the combined use of the two will lead to the growth and improvement of teacher education and student learning. This research can justify and recommend the use of technology in elementary school physical education, which is more focused on increasing the quality of physical education, so the main goal is to develop motor skills. The use of technology in education can help teachers to enhance all aspects of learning (physical, emotional, social and cognitive) in students by using this opportunity.
Educational Technology
M. Ghasemi arganeh; S. Pourroostaei Ardakani; A. Mohseni Ezhiyeh; R. Fathabadi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pillars of civilization of any society is based on the system and structure of education; and without any doubt health, comprehensiveness and efficiency of the education system of that society depends on the scope, breadth, diversity and quality of comprehensive educational ...
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Background and Objectives: Pillars of civilization of any society is based on the system and structure of education; and without any doubt health, comprehensiveness and efficiency of the education system of that society depends on the scope, breadth, diversity and quality of comprehensive educational programs and educational services that are offered to students in regular schools or special classes. We have often seen students who are very similar in terms of learning ability and talent; but there are many differences in their academic achievement. We see these differences not only in school learning but also in other non-academic activities. This aspect of human behavior is related to the field of motivation. Psychologists often see motivation as a process that is involved in motivating, directing, and sustaining behavior. Motivation is the basis of human behavior and the most important factor of various behaviors and in fact the driving force of human activities and their directing factor. Gamification is currently one of the techniques that can increase motivation. Gamification is a new method that has been translated as ‘playmaking’ in some sources and means the use of playful elements and thoughts in areas that are not the nature of the game. Gamification has been one of the topics discussed in recent years, which can be used to increase efficiency and user interaction. Properly applied gamification in educational environments will lead to better learning of users. This study investigates the impact of gamification on educational motivation for mentally disabled students. Methods: This research utilizes a quasi-experiment research method through which pre andpost-tests are organized for two groups of students, i.e., control and experimental. The reserach population covers all mentally challenged students in Kermanshah Providence in Iran. The experiment sample consists of 32 students selected using a convenience sampling method. They randomly formed two groups of 16 as control and experimental. The experimental group was taught by game-based instructions, whereas the control received ordinary lessons in the classroom. For this, a 20 sessions (ordinary and game-based) course were designed for both groups of students. Harter motivation test was used in this research to collect data from the students. The collected data was analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance. Findings: In the descriptive statistics section, the studied variables were analyzed using statistical index tables, mean and standard deviation; and in the inferential statistics section, the research hypotheses were analyzed using analysis of covariance. According to the results, game-based education has a positive impact on educational motivation for mentally disabled students and the effect size of the Eta squared in research is 0.49 on the internal motivation and 0.51 is the external motive. Conclusions: According to the findings of the analysis of covariance, gamification-based teaching methods have a positive effect on internal and external academic motivation (p <0.01). It is concluded that motivation plays a key role in learning, specifically if the students with mental disabilities join game-based educational environments.
Educational Technology
B.E. Zamani; S. A. Azimi; N. Soleimani; F. Parish
Abstract
Background and Objectives:The present study aimed to investigate and compare the extent of using educational technologies to enhance students’ critical thinking in Iranian and Russian first-grade elementary school experimental science textbooks. Methods:The research employs descriptive-analytical ...
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Background and Objectives:The present study aimed to investigate and compare the extent of using educational technologies to enhance students’ critical thinking in Iranian and Russian first-grade elementary school experimental science textbooks. Methods:The research employs descriptive-analytical method. Its sample consists of Iranian and Russian first-grade elementary school experimental sciences textbooks. The research instrument is a researcher-made checklist of critical thinking and soft and hard technology. The validity of this checklist was confirmed by experienced teachers and four professors in the field of educational sciences (educational technology and primary education). The reliability and validity of the tools have been calculated by using the formula of William Rumi. Findings: The results of analyzing the content of the experimental sciences textbooks showed that the first-grade textbooks of both countries used hard and soft technologies to teach critical thinking. The percentage of using soft technology was 75.65% and that of using hard technology was 24.35% to foster the critical thinking spirit in the Iranian first grade textbooks of experimental sciences. Moreover, the percentage of using soft technology was 51.64% and that of using hard technology was 48.35% to enhance the critical thinking spirit in the Russian textbooks. In addition, among the components of critical thinking, the highest percentage of 25.49% in Iran was related to the engagement component and in Russia, the highest percentage of 32.02% was related to the engagement component. In Iran, the lowest percentage of 2.87% among the critical thinking components was related to the judgment and evaluation componentand in Russia, the lowest percentage of 3.84% was related to the judgment and evaluation component. Combining soft and hard technologies in the contents of the first-grade textbooks of experimental sciences provides the possibility of learning more effectively and makes the process of learning more attractive for the students. The percentage of the other components of critical thinking in Russia and Iran has been as follows: the component of appropriate questioning in Russia was 18.33% and 11.60% in Iran; the collectiveness component in Iran was 10.01% and 10.04 % in Russia; the analytical component in Russia was 7.30 %and 5.15 % in Iran; the argument component in Russia was 7.63% and 5.15 % in Iran; the composition component was 7.95 % in Russia and 5.6 % in Iran. Conclusion: The composition of soft and hard technologies in the content of textbooks provide the possibility of more effective and attractive learning for the students. In fact, soft technologies complement and consolidate hard technologies and give rise to hard technologies and enable the growth and development of critical thinking and related areas. Hard technologies, as accessible and tangible tools, and soft technologies, as a set of ideas, plans, innovations, and initiatives which are crystaliized in educational design, determination and management of educational approaches and patterns, play an important role in increasing the effect of teaching and improving the students' learning. Hard technology in itself has no value; rather it is soft technologies that give credibility and value to hard technologies. It should be borne in mind that formal and superficial changes will not be responsive in revising the curriculum and fundamental logical changes are needed in all curriculum processes. As a result, researchers recommend the coherence and integration of critical thinking in educational textbooks. In this regard, the method of using hard and soft technologies and their implementation in the form of critical thinking components in the first year science textbook of Iran and Russia have been studied and emphasized.
Educational Technology
N. Basiri; F. Ahmadi; M. Neek-Amal
Abstract
Background and Objective: Today, a positivist one-dimensional view of science, where it considers scientific propositions to be objective, definite, and fixed, is not credible enough, and the interdisciplinary and multidimensional nature of science is considered. Science is a human endeavor to explain ...
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Background and Objective: Today, a positivist one-dimensional view of science, where it considers scientific propositions to be objective, definite, and fixed, is not credible enough, and the interdisciplinary and multidimensional nature of science is considered. Science is a human endeavor to explain natural phenomena that require interdisciplinary knowledge. The product of this effort, in which people from all cultures and branches of science participate, is scientific knowledge. This knowledge is based on empirical evidence, rational reasoning, and skepticism; and while it is enduring, it is transient and temporary. Over the past century, the debate over the definition of science and how science works has given rise to the realm of the "nature of science." The nature of science is a common issue in the philosophy, history, sociology, and psychology of science that addresses questions such as science and how it works. Scientists respond to how society functions as a group and how society and science interact. In this field, various components such as observation and inference, transience and temporality, imagination and creativity, society and culture, laws and theories in science and multiple scientific methods are studied, which are referred to as "components of the nature of science". In this article, with a descriptive-survey design and with a quantitative approach of science students, "students' understanding of science and scientific exploration" was assessed. Methods: The population consisting of second and third year undergraduate physics students of Tehran and Isfahan universities was considered. A statistical sample consisting of 4 classes from two universities was available. A questionnaire for students' understanding of science and scientific exploration was provided to students. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and correlation coefficient. Findings: The results showed that the assessed students have an incomplete understanding of the components of the nature of science. There is a significant positive correlation between physics students' understanding of the concept of mass and their views on the nature of science. In order to provide up-to-date solutions to increase students' familiarity with the nature of science, elements of 21st century super-technology - the Internet - for learning science and understanding the nature of science were introduced. It was shown that observation and inference, fantasy and creativity, society and culture, laws and theories, and in addition the transience of science and scientific methods all need to be taught with modern online methods. Conclusion: In this article: 1- with normal statistics, we proved that students and the general public do not know about science and its basic components; 2- we discussed the potentials of the web space to introduce science and its evolving and creative nature; and 3- suggestions were made in order to strengthen education and knowledge of science.
Educational Technology
M. Hosseinzadehnabati; F. Mahmoodi; Y. Adib
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Developing a positive attitude toward the subject under study is one of the common educational goals today. Teachers as well as parents believe that the student's attitude toward the subject matter affects the student's success in school. High school students' perceptions regarding ...
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Background and Objectives: Developing a positive attitude toward the subject under study is one of the common educational goals today. Teachers as well as parents believe that the student's attitude toward the subject matter affects the student's success in school. High school students' perceptions regarding technology learning may influence their decision to study in a field at the university and work in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics which are considered to be the basis of economic development in developed countries. During the past decades, there has been a growing gap between the scientific and technical skills offered by the schools and the economic demand in this area, and the number of the learners and those who have been trained in technology and science has decreased in some cases. Since the main objectives of the field of education and learning of the work and technology curriculum in the Fundamental Document of Transformation of Education for the first year of high school is obtaining the merits and positive attitude towards technology and entrepreneurship, the aim of this study is investigating the relationship between attitude toward work and technology with technological attitude and entrepreneurship of high school students in destrict one of Tabriz in the academic year 2018-2019. MethodS: This study was a correlational research using structural equation modeling method. Data were analyzed using least squares method. This method tests the pattern in two steps which include the measurement and structural pattern test. The measurement model examines the validity and reliability of measurement tools and research structures and tests the structural pattern of hypotheses and relationships of latent variables. The statistical population consisted of 15386 high school boys and girls in district one of Tabriz who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. The sample was selected by proportional random sampling method (the seventh, eighth, and ninth grade) and since the original questionnaire had 40 components, 10 subjects were selected for each component and on the whole, 402 subjects were selected. Data were collected using the Liou and Kuo Technological Attitude Questionnaire (2014), Athayde Entrepreneurial Attitude Questionnaire (2009), and a researcher-made attitude to career and technology course Questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, structural equation analysis using Smart PLS 3 software was used. Findings: The findings showed that there was a very close relationship between career and technology course, attitude to technology and entrepreneurship. Hypotheses were significant at 0.001 level and t-statistic was significant as it was higher than 1.96. Attitude to career and technology course explains self-efficacy of learning technology as 0.44, the value of earning technology as 0.56, strategies of learning technology as 0.56, goal orientation of learning technology as 0.63, environmental stimulus of learning technology as 0.64, self-regulation-triggering of learning technology as 0.54, self-Regulation Implementation of learning technology as 0.68, others’ leadership as 0.40, achievement as 0.56, personal control as 0.30, creativity as 0.42, and intuition as 0.38. Conclusion: Attitude to career and technology course explained the components of technological attitude and the components of attitude to entrepreneurship. The high significance of a positive attitude to the career and technology course lies in having a positive relationship with valuable components such as self-efficacy, learning value, strategies of learning, goal orientation, environment stimulus, creating self-regulation, leadership of others, achievement, self-control, creativity and intuition; therefore, it is recommended to prioritize this course. Knowing the attitude factors and their relationship to the subjects of courses can help teachers to improve the curriculum and the effectiveness of teaching methods so that students can be more successful in learning their lessons, academic performance, and career.
Educational Technology
V. S. Vahedi
Abstract
CALL) programs have been incorporated into language classrooms over the past five decades, it has become more important to find a clear answer to questions such as to what extent, and under which moderator variables CALL programs can yield more effective outcomes as compared to traditional language instruction. ...
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CALL) programs have been incorporated into language classrooms over the past five decades, it has become more important to find a clear answer to questions such as to what extent, and under which moderator variables CALL programs can yield more effective outcomes as compared to traditional language instruction. The present meta-analysis is a comprehensive investigation to determine the extent of the effectiveness of hypertext annotations on the learners' vocabulary learning. Moreover, the study aimed at identifying the moderator variables that influence the heterogeneity of the effect of various studies. Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the studies conducted in the past related to the effectiveness of hypertext annotations on learners' vocabulary learning. To this aim, an exhaustive research of the multiple electronic databases was carried out in order to identify all the studies examining the relative effectiveness of CALL on enhancing learners' vocabulary learning The main criterion for selecting the studies to be analyzed in the present research was their publication in journals or proceedings of conferences during the period between 1950 to 2014. Concurrently, the experts in this area were also consulted for articles that had not been identified in the primary search. Eventually, the search process resulted in the identification of 132 articles of potential relevance to the present meta-analysis. In the next stage, all studies were investigated more carefully and examined based on the checklist which was the criterion for the final selection of those studies that should be included in the present meta-analysis. Finally, a total sample of 36 studies met the required criteria and selected for the final analysis. Data analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software (Version 2). Findings: With respect to the overall effect size of the hypertext annotations on the students’ vocabulary acquisition, the results of 36 study in the present meta-analysis revealed that hypertext annotations had a large, positive, significant effect on students' vocabulary. Acquisition (+140). In addition, there was a highly significant heterogeneity in the distribution of the effect sizes in the meta-analysis under investigation. To further explore the sources of the heterogeneity between the effect sizes across studies, moderator analyses were administered in terms of six variables (research design, sample size, proficiency level, age, duration of the program, year of publication). It was found that the variable of the sample size had significantly affected the inconsistency of the effect sizes across the studies under investigation to the extent that studies with a sample size of more than 60 individuals produced a large effect size, whereas studies with sample size of less than 60 individuals generated medium effect size. Another significant finding was that the mean of the effect sizes statistically differed across different duration levels of the teaching program. That is, studies with a higher duration of teaching program had a larger mean effect size than those with a lower duration, indicating that the learners' vocabulary achievement enhances significantly as the length of the teaching program increases. Moreover, the results revealed that publication year was also a significant moderator variable so that the studies published in the recent years had a higher effect size as compared with those published in earlier years. Other findings revealed that the dissimilarity of the effect sizes in the present meta-analysis was not influenced by the differences among research design, proficiency level, and age of the language learners. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present meta-analysis, it is necessary to integrate CALL into traditional language classes in order to reach better learning outcomes. With respect to future research, the researchers are recommended to provide more details of the study so that it could be possible to confirm or reject the factors that are effective in the role of computer in second language (L2) learning.
Educational Technology
M. abolghasemi; H. Mohamadi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the problems of elementary school teachers is the lack of time, especially in mathematics. Lack of time to educate students has caused academic failure and weakened the basic math of elementary students. For this reason, it is necessary to use teaching methods so that ...
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Background and Objectives: One of the problems of elementary school teachers is the lack of time, especially in mathematics. Lack of time to educate students has caused academic failure and weakened the basic math of elementary students. For this reason, it is necessary to use teaching methods so that teachers can overcome this lack of time in the weekly curriculum. One of these methods, which has been emphasized in research, especially in mathematics, is the flipped instruction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flipped (or reverse) learning on elementary school students' attitude and performance in mathematics in Najafabad in Iran.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and posttest experimental and control groups, in order to investigate the changes before and after applying the intervetnion in the experimental group and compare it with the control group. The population of this study included all fourth grade male students in Najafabad in the academic year 2019-2018. The sampling method was multistaged clustering. It should be noted that in order to reduce the economic and cultural differences of students in these schools, a sample was selected from the central part of the city. Among the schools in this area, 2 boys' schools were randomly selected, and then two grade 4 classes were randomly assigned to the control group and experimental group respectively. The Aiken Attitude Questionnaire (1971) was used to measure students' attitudes toward mathematics. The validity of this questionnaire was assessed by content validity and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha. Math academic performance was also measured by a teacher-made math test. Its validity was checked and confirmed by teachers. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance. The implementation was such that the teacher had to prepare educational materials for the students and ask the students to do the math book activities, work in the classroom and the book exercises at home after watching the clips and using the educational software, and then share and fix the problems in class sessions with the teacher. Educational software, along with educational clips and videos, were provided to students at regular intervals, and they were asked to watch the instructional video at home at an optional number of times, and then to practice the topics using the software, and then solve those activities, class work and exercises. In the classroom, the teacher reviewed the book activities, did classroom work, and exercises, gave students descriptive feedback individually, and wrote down their problems and issues to be explained in class. After the explanation, students were asked to ask questions if they had any or did not understand a part of the lesson correctly. The student questioning process continued until the students stated that they had learned everything, and the teacher was confident in students’ learning by observing their performance in solving exercises and problems. This process included a total of two 45-minute math sessions.Findings: The results showed that the filliped learning method is effective and influences the academic performance of mathematics.Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be suggested that the filliped instruction can be used to teach mathematics in primary schools.
Educational Technology
Sh. Bakhshaliizade; K. Fathi Vajargah; M. Arefi; A.R. Kiamanesh
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Third Mellenium World is a world that is faced with rapid scientific, cultural, and technological change. Increasing access to education services at higher education levels has resulted in admission of students with personal differences to higher education institutes. The change ...
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Background and Objectives: Third Mellenium World is a world that is faced with rapid scientific, cultural, and technological change. Increasing access to education services at higher education levels has resulted in admission of students with personal differences to higher education institutes. The change in the higher education context is associated with a change in the roles and responsibilities of faculty members. Therefore, in order to fulfill their duties and take their responsibilities, it is necessary for faculty members to deploy their understanding, knowledge, and skills in different areas and improve them in accordance with the changes that occur in the society and deploy the teaching-learning approaches to take these differences into consideration. This study is aimed at identifying the qualifications required for becoming a faculty member at higher education institutes on the basis of their roles and responsibilities. Materials: This study is a Basic Qualitative research with a pragmatic and epistemological, interpretive / constructivist approach. First, the documents related to the teaching qualifications in higher education were collected. Then, in order to understand the views and experiences of the Iranian universities’ faculty members, semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 faculty members were conducted. The documents were described in a qualitative Metasynthesis approach in terms of concepts and themes in a deductive manner within the research context and on the basis of a theoretical framework, and, then, they were analyzed along with the concepts and themes identified in the interviews in an interpretive (deductive and inductive) manner and in the last stage, the concepts and themes were inductively integrated and interpreted and line-by-line coding in MAXQDA 10 was used to analyze the documents and interviews. Findings: In this study, 349 semantic units (open codes), 32 categories and 9 themes (competencies) were extracted which are as follows: Competencies related to: futurology (futurism, risk-taking, entreprenuership), professional ethics ( no abuse of powere, observing students’ boundary, attending with readiness, assuming responsibility for educating the community and observing professionalism), personal competencies (personal identity, ethics and personal behavior, being up-to-date, problem-solving ability and thinking skills), interpersonal-social competencies (cultural identity, effective communication skills, role modeling, patnership and cooperation), organizational competencies (organizational identity, familiarity with objectives and missions of the organization, familiarity with roles including offering services competencies, research competenceies, education competencies, management competencies (self-management, leadership, occupational management, resource management, teaching-learning management, preparation and learning environment management, research management, education-research guidance, planning and organization), practical competencies ( the ability to connect science and practice, effectiveness), writing competencies (knowledge of language and academic writing), and competencies related to acceptability in the communities of practice (scientific community approval. Conclusion: Analysis of the findings showed differences between competencies identified among faculty members in Iran and outside Iran. 10 out of 14 interviewees pointed out abuse of others’ scientific abilities and abuse of power by some faculty members in their own professional condition which probably indicates the need to emphasize this principle in the Iranian higher education society whereas foreign documents mostly emphasized technology. Not mentioning this issue in the interviews by most professors may indicate that some faculty members in Iran are not still amiliar with this concept. The competencies identified in this research can be used to make informed decisions and to determine the required content for the development programs of the candidates intending to cooperate with the higher education institutes as faculty member.
Educational Technology
F. Radmehr; H. Rahimian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Previous studies in Iran have explored the impact of using technology on improving students’ mathematical understanding. However, no study was conducted in relation to the impact of using technology on students’ mathematical misconceptions. This study explored the ...
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Background and Objectives: Previous studies in Iran have explored the impact of using technology on improving students’ mathematical understanding. However, no study was conducted in relation to the impact of using technology on students’ mathematical misconceptions. This study explored the impact of using software in developing students’ misconceptions. In detail, the impact of using GeoGebra software on secondary school students’ misconceptions related to concepts such as angle scale, trigonometric angles, periodicity, minimum and maximum of trigonometric functions were explored using a two-tier diagnostic test. One of the novelties of this study is the use of a two-tier diagnostic test to explore misconceptions resulting from using the software. Methods: The statistical population of this study comprises all grade 11 students of Golbahar and Golmakan in the academic year 2015-2016. Three classes were chosen from two different schools in these cities, one was considered as the control group (40 students) and the other two classes were considered as the experimental group (26 students). The instruments were a pre-test and a post-test (two-tier diagnostic test). Four categories of misconceptions were identified based on the relevant literature and students’ responses to the pre-test. Finally, these misconceptions were analyzed by the chi-square test. Findings: The findings showed that Geogebra software helped students in the experimental group enormously in understanding concepts such as periodicity, identifying minimum and maximum of trigonometric functions, and prevented developing misconceptions related to them. Analyzing students’ responses in the control group that received traditional teaching showed that several students did not able to calculate the periodicity of trigonometric functions. This difficulty observed both when students calculated the periodicity from the graphs and also when calculated the periodicity from the algebraic form of trigonometric functions. The strength of using the software includes observing many trigonometric graphs in the software environment, the ability to place trigonometric functions with different input on a coordinate axis and comparing them, and the manipulations performed by the students themselves on trigonometric graphs. These strengths prevented students from developing misconceptions about the concepts of frequency and minimum and maximum values. However, in relation to trigonometric angles, using the software caused developing more misconceptions for the test group, and had no significant impact on preventing misconceptions in relation to the scale of angle. It seems due to the nature of the angle scale, in which the conversion from radians to degrees (or vice versa) is done by a series of mathematical operations, using Geogebra could not impact students’ misconceptions in this matter. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that teachers should be very cautious in selecting and using teaching aids in the classroom to prevent developing mathematical misconceptions associated with using the teaching aids. Therefore, we recommend mathematics education researchers and mathematics curriculum planners to conduct several studies on different softwares frequently used in mathematics classes, determine the pros and cons of these tools, and share their results with mathematics teachers. Sharing these results will help mathematics teachers to adapt their teaching accordingly based on the findings of these studies.
Educational Technology
M. Rashki; M. Arabanani
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Teaching-learning is essential for the development of creativity and sustainability of the needs of modern cities, and the intelligent learning environment has been created to respond to the needs of the new knowledge society in smart city design. Community quality is a challenge ...
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Background and Objectives: Teaching-learning is essential for the development of creativity and sustainability of the needs of modern cities, and the intelligent learning environment has been created to respond to the needs of the new knowledge society in smart city design. Community quality is a challenge for smart city development; Because in the social field, the quality of society with a professional approach is not used comprehensively and systematically. The quality of society is based on the quality of organizations, universities, educational institutions and collaborative learning.The purpose of this study was to identify and rank factors affecting smart city design with educational approach. Methods: In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study included all high school teachers and educators in Zahedan city. In the first step, by studying valid scientific and citation sources, while sufficiently familiar with the concepts and definitions of smart city, development of smart city and the factors affecting it, a preliminary list of factors affecting the smart city was identified with an educational approach. In this study, the indicators in terms of structure and practical procedures in smart city learning were identified and accordingly the research questionnaire was designed and compiled and provided to the tutor and consultant who was used to collect data after the corrections and then with Using Cronbach's alpha method, the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated. Simple random sampling method was used. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was found to be 0.84. Data analysis was done by logistic regressions method. Findings: The education industry changes and enhances urban services, and this value-added and driving force industry can be identified as an advanced industry in the smart city. The results showed that intelligent governance (9.526), intelligent interaction and integration (8.926), intelligent people (8.875), infrastructure (8.872), human resources (7.757), technology acceptance (7.567), the smart economy (7.236) and the medium of electronic interaction based on multimedia content (5.765), respectively, have the most importance in the establishment of smart city. Conclusion: In order to build a smart city education system, the process of encouraging citizen participation and creating different communication channels is critical. The "smart city" label is not limited to cities that simply adopt high technology. The ultimate goal of the smart city development include: improving the quality of life of individuals, families and local people through advanced information and communication technology and education systems through the creation of a communication channel between citizens can create systems that enhance smart integration. The learning structure in the process of developing smart skills in smart schools needs to be rebuilt. The essence of the smart city is the promotion of social cooperation, social networking and social participation, and it transforms community members into using smart learning as a tool to better comply with social behavioral norms. Collaboration and development of information technology removes barriers to the sharing of information and knowledge, as well as the learning frontier in smart schools, and creates three changes. The first is to change teaching methods; The second is the reconstruction of the knowledge system and the third is the influence on the formation of a new generation of learning methods among students.
Educational Technology
M. Rostaminezhad; M. mohammadi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Certainly we all know that due to the diversity and multiplicity of different media around our children, today their taste for learning has changed and there is no choice but to use technology in education and use tools and methods of teaching based on multimedia. Today, in ...
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Background and Objectives: Certainly we all know that due to the diversity and multiplicity of different media around our children, today their taste for learning has changed and there is no choice but to use technology in education and use tools and methods of teaching based on multimedia. Today, in addition to textbooks, multimedia, digital teaching and learning environments have also come to the educational support of learners. While we all know that the use of computers and multimedia alone does not have an educational effect, but combines it with a good educational and self-learning thinking that is applicable. Meanwhile, in disciplines such as computer, where teaching is software-based and the teacher is required to teach a software, at the same time provide his training directly on the relevant software, lessons and multimedia There are some that have been prepared and produced that teachers use for teaching and students for learning, along with specialized textbooks in the field, as a source of teaching aid, but the most important point in designing these tools and multimedia is not to use them. It is a suitable educational approach along with efficient educational design. One of the appropriate educational models and approaches for this purpose is the model of constructivism. This model is based on an issue, question or project as the focus and support and mental systems. The student's goal is to interpret the problem or solve the problem or complete the project. In order to reflect on action, students must imitate the performance that has been modeled for them, and teachers must re-demonstrate student performance so that students engage in action-reflecting. Modeling strategies focus on how experts work. In addition, for project-based training, there are three practice-based, position-based, and project-based models. In this study, after designing a multimedia software with a project-oriented constructivist (PBL) approach. , Which generally uses two models of practice-based and project-based learning, finally, the extent of the impact of multimedia with a project-based approach on learning memory learning of tenth grade students in the field of computer science in Birjand city has been investigated Mathods: The study design is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of this study consists of all second grade boy students of technical and vocational schools in Birjand. The sample was divided into experimental and control groups, which 25 participants in each. The experimental and control groups were trained with multimedia and traditional methods, respectively. Students' academic achievement was measured by teacher-made tests (pretests and the posttests) and their reliabilities were estimated using Cronbach's alpha estimated to be %77. Data were analyzed through inferential statistics (Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Covariance). Findings: The results indicated that the impact of project-based multimedia training on students' learning-retention had more positive effect (68.5% in comparison to the traditional method. Conclusion: The present study shows that computer-based Constructivism with project-based approach affects both low level of learning (knowledge, understanding and use) and high level of learning ( analysis, evaluation, and creation) and retention among students in vocational and technical schools.
Educational Technology
V. Salehi; B. Ghanbari
Abstract
Background and Objectives: With the increasing importance of instructional multimedia and the use of their interactive and unique features in the teaching-learning process, we are witnessing the design and production of this technology and its use in teaching courses and different levels of the educational ...
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Background and Objectives: With the increasing importance of instructional multimedia and the use of their interactive and unique features in the teaching-learning process, we are witnessing the design and production of this technology and its use in teaching courses and different levels of the educational system. Cognitive load theory, as one of the theories related to information processing, is one of the most effective theories in instructional design and an effective guide for designing multimedia and other instructional materials. The basic premise of this theory is that learners have very limited working memory capacity to process when facing with new information. The purpose of this theory is to predict learning outcomes by considering the capabilities and limitations of human cognitive structure. Cognitive load theory is based on the idea that the design of instructional materials should be based on our knowledge of how the human mind works. Based on this assumption, the various processes of acquiring knowledge and understanding are explained based on the load they place on the human cognitive system (which is an active system with limited information processing capacity). Because this theory links the design features of instructional materials to the principles of human cognitive processing, it can be used in a wide range of learning environments.The present study aimed to compare the effects of Merrill and Gagne's instructional design models on students' cognitive load, learning and instructional efficiency in Science lesson. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with two experimental and one control groups. The statistical population consisted of all male students of the sixth grade elementary school of Qazvin. The sample including three 30 students’ classes were selected through convenience sampling procedure and the classes randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The materials and instruments included instructional multimedia contents, learning tests, and cognitive load assessment scale. The first experimental group studied the multimedia based on the Merrill model, the second group studied the multimedia based on the Gagne model and the control group studied non-model multimedia. Data were analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Findings: The results of the study showed that multimedia based on the Merrill instructional design model compared to multimedia based on Gagne instructional design model and non-model multimedia, has led to less cognitive load, more learning and instructional efficiency. Also, multimedia based on Gagne's instructional design model compared to non-model multimedia led to less cognitive load, more learning and instructional efficiency. Conclusion: One of the concerns of educational designers in the process of designing the content of multimedia educational materials and other learning materials has always been focused on the appropriate selection of instructional design models. Since there are different models for instructional design of learning materials, to choose a suitable model, one should rely on theoretical foundations and the results of research conducted in various theoretical areas, including cognitive load theory. According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that in order to reduce the cognitive load and increase students’ learning, Merrill instructional design model would be used in designing instructional multimedia content.
