Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Faculty of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

: Lighting Quality is one of the most effective factorson student’s performances. In respect of visual quality, high performance schools have valuable educational spaces and theses spaces creation is possible with proper design.The aim of present Article is to achive to the measure and effect process of various factors on proper daylighting in different classroom’s circumsments (16 tips). In this correlation research with modelling method – Structural Equation Modelling- in statistic case studies includes 2324 students, researcher made questionnaire is accomplished and through the causal relations modeling by path analysis, direct and indirect effects of window’s physical variables on daylighting studied.The research’s statistical case studies includes Tehran guidance schools. Among these population, girlish and boyish schools of three zone of Tehran (3,11&18) as the statistic case studies in sixteen types of classrooms – in order to control four variables; window’s orientation, window’s transparency, height of window’s okb and window’s glass percent – to answer the questionnaire – by the method of multi stage casual racemose – are selected. The questionnaire in several stages prepared and its validity and reliability is estimated. Questionnaire reliability measure (α= 0/825) and its validity is optained by content validity and construct validity. The research method is causal relations modeling by path analysis. Found model and its data tables shows the importance of four factors; "view and its effects", "glare", "lighting quality" and "window’s nonvisual effects". Among these factors, "view" factor is independent variable, "window’s nonvisual effects" is dependent variable and other factors are mediator variables. Furtheremore, hypothesis survey showed that controlled variables (window’s orientation, window’s transparency, height of window’s okb and window’s glass percent) are effective on measure and effect process in Tehran guidance schools classrooms daylighting. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

]1 ]رحمانی خالد و خوشتهمهری گیتتی، چکیتده آمتوزش بهداشت، ارتباطات و آموزش بهداشتتی، تهتران، نشتر سماط، آبان 1218. ]2[ Dilouie C., Personal vs, automatic, Architectural Lighting, Vol.10, No.3, 1996, pp.46-49. ]3[ Evans G.W. and Maxwell L., Chronic Noise Exposure and Reading Deficits: the Mediating Effects of Language Acquisition, Environment &Behavior, Vol.29, No.5, 1999, pp.638-656. ]4[ DeJong CH., Pecific Deterrence and Survival Analysis: Integrating Theoretical and Empirical Models of Recidivism, Criminology, Vol.35, No.4, 1997, pp.561-576. ]5[ Brubaker W.C., Planning and Designing Schools, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998. ]6[ Heschong Mahone Group., Day lighting in Schools: An investigation into the relationship between day lighting and student performance, Report submitted in The Pacific Gas & Electric Company on Behalf of the California Board for Energy Efficiency Third Party Program, 1999. ]7[ Taylor A., Aldrich R.A. and Vlastos G., Architecture can teach, In Context, Vol.18, 1998, p.31. ]8[ Stricherz M., Bricks and Mortar B., Education Week, Vol.20, No.14, 2000, pp.30-32. ]9[ Schneider M., Survey of Chicago teachers, Unpubl, manuscript, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Department of Political Science, 2002. ]10[ Young E., Green H.A., Roehrich-Patrick L., Joseph L. and Gibson T., Do k-12 School Facilities Affect Education Outcomes?, Tennessee: The Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergover - nmental Relations., 2003. ]11[ Anderson K. and Lawrence B., Strong women stories: Native vision and community survival, Toronto, Sumach Press, 2003. ]12[ Lewis M., Facility conditions and student test performance in the Milwaukee public schools, Scottsdale, AZ: Council of Educational Facility Planners International, 2001. ]13[ Liberman J., Light Medicine of the Future, New Mexico: Bear & Company Publishing, Lighting & Human Performance: A Review, Washington, DC, And National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Light, Sight, & Photobiology, سیدمجید مفیدی شمیرانی و همکار 12 نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال ششم، جلد 6 ،شماره 1 ،پاییز 1109 Lighting Futures, Available at: http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/Futures/LF-Photobi-logy/ index.html., 1998. ]14[ Mc Beath E.C., and Zuker T.F., The role of vitamin D in the control of dental caries in children, Journal of Nutrition, Vol.15, 1938, p.547. ]15[ Hathaway W.E., Hargreaves J.A., Thompson G.W. and Novitsky D., A Study Into the Effects of Light on Children of Elementary School Age – A Case of Daylight Robbery, Alberta, Policy & Planning Branch, Planning & Information Services Division, Alberta Education,1992. ]16[ Guzowski M., Day lighting for Sustainable Design, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp. 293-295. ]17[ Ott Biolight Systems, If you are Indoors under Artificial Lights…We Have Important News for You! , Santa Barbara, California, Ott Biolight Systems, Inc, 1997. ]18[ Simonson E. and Brozek J., Effects of Illumination Level on Visual Performance and Fatigue, Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol.38, 1984, pp. 384-387. ]19[ Wibom R.I., and Carlsson W., Work at Visual Display Terminals among Office Employees: Visual Ergonomics and Lighting, in: Knave B. and Wideback P.G., (Eds), in Work with Display Units, 86, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1987. ]20[ Wilkins A.J., Nimmo-Smith I, Slater A.J., and Bedocs L., Flourescent Lighting, Headaches and Eyestrain, Lighting Research & Technology, Vol.21, 1989, pp. 11-18. ]21[ Heerwagen J.H., Loveland J., and Diamond R., Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Energy Edge Buildings, Center for Planning & Design, College of Architecture & Urban Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, W.A., 1992. ]22[ Walker M., The Power of Color, http:// www. vitalight.com/articles/walker.htm., Site last modified April 20,1998. ]23[ Wolbarsht M.L., The development of myopia (nearsightedness)in relation to the lighting environment, Proceedings of the Light & Human Health conference, November, Lake Buena Vista, Florida (USA),2002, pp.17-23. ]24[ Boivin D.B., Duffy J.F., Kronauer R.E. and Czeisler C.A., Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Pacemaker to Moderately Bright Light, Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol.9, No. 304, 1994, pp. 315-331. ]25[ Heschong Mahone Group & New Buildings Institute, Day lighting in Schools: An investigation into the relationship between day lighting and student performance, Additional Analysis, 2002. ]26[ Earthman G.I., Prioritization of 31 Criteria for School Building Adequacy, Available at: http://www.aclu-md.org/facilities_report.pdf, 2004. ]27[ Nickolas M., Bailey G., Analysis of Performance of Students in Daylight Schools, Annual Conference, ASES, 1997. ]28[ Kuller R. and Lindsten C., Health and Behavior of Children in Classrooms with and without Windows, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.12,1992, pp. 305-317. ]29[ Hathaway W., Effects of School Lighting on Physical Development and School Performance, The Journal of Educational Research, Vol.88, No.4, 1995, p.228. ]30[ Wurtman R.J., The Effects of Light on the Human Body, Scientific American, Vol.233, 1975, pp.68-77. ]31[ Jago E. and Tanner K., Influences of the School Facility on Student Achievement, University of Georgia, Available at: http://www.coe.uga. edu/sdpl/researchabstracts/visual.html, 1999. ]32[ Knez I., Effects of Indoor Lighting on Mood and Cognition, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.15, No.1, 1995, pp.39-51. ]33[ Cuttle K., People and Windows in Workplaces, in Proceedings of the People & Physical Environment Research Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, 1983, pp.203-212. ]34[ Heerwagen J. and Heerwagen D., Lighting and Psychological Comfort, Lighting Design & Application, 1986, pp. 6:47-51. ]35[ Leslie R. and Hartleb S., Windows, Variability, and Human Response, Proceedings of the International Day lighting Conference, Moscow, 1990. ]36[ Boubekri M., Hull R.B. and Boyer L.L., Impact of Window Size and Sunlight Penetration on Office Workers Mood and Satisfaction: A Novel Way of Assessing Sunlight, Environmental & Behavior, Vol.23, No.4, 1991, pp.474-493. ]37[ Rusak B., Eskes G.A. and Show S.R., Lighting and Human Health: A Review of the Literature, Ottawa: Canada Mortgage & Housing Corporation, 1997. ]38[ Woolner P., Hall E., Higgins S., McCaughey C. and Wall K., A sound foundation? What we know about the impact of environments on learning and the implications for Building Schools for the Future, Oxford Review of Education,Vol.33, No.1,2007, pp.47-70. مدلیابی میزان و نحوه تأثیر متغیرهای ... نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال ششم، جلد 6 ،شماره 1 ،پاییز 1109 11 ]39[ Rea M.S., IESNA Lighting Handbook: Reference and Application, 9th edition, New York, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000. ]40[ Boyce P.R., Hunter C. and Howlett O., The Benefits of Daylight Through Windows, Report Submitted to Capturing the Daylight Dividends Program, Tory, NY, Lighting Research Center ,Available at: www.Daylightdividends.org., 2003 ]41[Weale R.A., The Aging Eye, London, HK Lewis &Company, 1963. ]42[ LightingHandbook, Reference &Application,8th Edition, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York,1993, p.91. ]43[“Daylight in Buildings: A source book on daylighting systems and components”, A report of IEA SHC Task 21/ ECBCS Annex 29, July 2000. ]44[ Hopkinson R.G., Glare from daylighting in buildings,Applied Ergonomics,Vol.3,1972, pp.206-215. ]45[ Kaplan R. and Kaplan S., The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989. ]26 ]پورناصری شهناز، مدلیابی تأثیر متغیرهای کالبدی پنجره جهت دستیابی به الگوی پنجره مطلوب کالس از دیدگاه دانشآموزان مدارس راهنمایی تهران، پایاننامه مقطع دکتری، تهران، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، 1280. ]24 ]هومن حیدرعلی، متدلیابی معتادالت ستاختاری بتا کاربرد نرمافزار لیزرل، تهران، انتشارات سمت ، 1212. ]21 ]کرلینجر پدهازر،رگرسیون چنتدمتغیری در پتژوهش رفتاری، ترجمه: سرایی حسن، تهران، انتشارات سمت، .1212 ]28 ]احتتدی ستتحر، بررستتی نگرشهتتا و میتتزان آگتتاهی دانشتتتجویان دوره تحصتتتیالت تکمیلتتتی از مفهتتتوم مهارتهای دهگانه زندگی در دانشگاههای دولتی شهر تهران، وابسته بته وزارت علتوم، تحقیقتات و فنتاوری، پایاننامه کارشناستی ارشتد، تهتران، دانشتگاه شتهید بهشتی، 1216 . ]50[ Wells B.W.P., Subjective responses to the lighting installation in a modern office building and their design implications, Building Science, Vol.1,1965, pp.57-68. ]51[ Markus T.A., The Function of Windows: A Reapprasial,Building Science,Vol.2, 1967, pp.97-121. ]52[ McGuffey C.W., Facilities Improving educational standards & productivity, in: Walberg H.J., (Ed.), Berkeley, CA: McCutchan Publishing Corporation, 1982, pp.237-281. ]53[ Fletcher R.T., Chader G.J., Wiggert B., Lai Y.L. and Lee L., Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein: a possible role in retinoid transport to the retina, In Progress in Retinal Research,in: Osborne N. and Chader G., (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, Vol.2, 1983, pp.163-189. ]54[ Tuaycharoen N. and Tregenza P.R., View and Discomfort Glare from Windows, Lighting Res, Technol., Vol.39, No.2, 2007, pp.185-200. ]55[ Hopkinson R.G., Glare from windows, Construction Research & Development Journal (CONRAD) , Vol.3, 1971, pp.23–28. ]56[ Osterhaus W.K., Discomfort glare from daylight in computer offices: What do we really know? , in: Proceedings of the 9th European Lighting Conference (Lux Europa), Reykjavik, Iceland, 2001, pp. 448–456. ]57[ Hilger A., EdVisions P., Facility Planning Guidebook, Prepared by Fielding/Nair International, 2004, pp.15-18. ]58[ Ulrich R.S., View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science,Vol.224,1984, pp.420-421. ]59[ Verderber S., Dimensions of person-window transactions in the hospital environment, Environment & Behavior, Vol.18, No.4, 1986, pp.450-466. ]60[ Ulrich R.S., Simons R.F., Losito B.D., Fiorito E., Miles M.A. and Zelson M., Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.11, 1991, pp.201-230. ]61[ Leather P., Pyrgas M., Beale D. and Lawrence C., Windows in theworkplace: Sunlight, view, & occupational stress, Environment & Behavior, Vol.30, 1998, pp.739–762. ]62[ Finnegan M.C., and Solomon L.Z., Work attitudes in windowed vs, Windowless environments, The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.115, 1981, pp.291-292. ]63[ Kaplan R., The role of nature in the context of the workplace, Landscape & Urban Planning, Vol.26, 1993, pp.193-201. ]64[ Kaplan R., Kaplan S. and Ryan R.L., with people in mind: Design and management of everyday nature, Washington D.C., Island Press, 1998. سیدمجید مفیدی شمیرانی و همکار 11 نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال ششم، جلد 6 ،شماره 1 ،پاییز 1109 ]65[ Laumann K., Gärling T. and Stormark K.M., Rating scales measures of restorative components of environments, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol.21, 2001, pp. 31-44. ]66[ Ruys D., Windowless offices, unpublished master’s thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 1970. ]67[ Hopkinson R.G., Petherbridge P. and Longmore J., Day lighting, in: Rea M.S., (Ed.), London, Heinemann, IESNA Lighting Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1966.
CAPTCHA Image