Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

: This paper describes "Drawing Analogies", a shape based reminding program that uses freehand sketches to index and retrieve visual references for creative architectural designing.Architecture students and professional designers often employ reference images from books, magazines and other visual collections to find new forms and adapt them into their designs. Many designers indicate that, what architects imagine is the represent of what they have seen. So, it is evident that visual elements play a key role in design process. However, many architects believe that imagination is an essential factor in art and design while the investigation on its importance in architecture education is thoroughly neglected. In this paper, we investigate on imagination and analogy as potential aids to creative design and education. Some examples of how the designers use drawing and describe their approach to find similar visual analogies are also presented. We argue that a graphical reminding scheme based on sketching can help the designers to find interesting references from various domains. Finally, we discuss the ways of using diagrams and freehand sketches as visual sources and explain how students can retrieve them in creative architectural design process.

Keywords

Main Subjects

[1] Rowe P., Design Thinking. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987. [2] Do E. Y., Stages of Conceptual Diagramming in the Design Process, Working Paper, Georgia Institue of Technology, College of Architecture, 1993. [3] Casakin H. and Goldschmidt G., Expertise and the Use of Analogy and Visual Displays: Implications for Design Education, Design Studies, Vol. 20, No.2, 1999, pp. 153-175. 4 ] [کارنقره عبدالحمید، درآمدی بر هویت اسالمی در معماری و شهرسازی، وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی، شرکت طرح و نشر پیام سیما، تهران، 1378. [5] Da Vinci L., The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Dover, 1970. [6] Guiton J., The Ideas of Le Corbusier: On Architecture and Urban Planning, Paris, New York: George Braziller. 1987. [7] Antoniades A.C., Poetics of architecture: theory of design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. [8] Fraser I. and Henmi R., Envisioning Architecture - an analysis of drawing. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1994. [9] Choi J.W., ArchWAIS: A Multimedia Based Architectural Information System for Teaching and Learning History and Theory, in ACADIA '94. St Louis, MO, 1994. [10] Gentner D., and Medina J., Similarity and the development of rules, S A Sloman and L J Rips, (eds.), Similarity and symbols in human thinking, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998, pp. 177-212. آگاهی الهام آزمون و ادراک الهام از طرح های خالق و ترکیب دیدن و شنیدن تحلیل و بررسی داشته ها دستیابی به کالبد جایگاه تخیل و تصور جایگاه قیاس بصری 152 قیاس بصری و جایگاه آن در آموزش خالق طراحی معماری نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال چهارم ، جلد 4 ،شماره 2 ،زمستان 8811 153 [11] Lawson B., With Design in Mind, Butterworth, 1994. [12] Tzonis A., Huts S. and Bottleracks, Design by Analogy for Architects and/or Machines, in Research in Design Thinking, Cross N., Dorst K. and Roozenburg N., Editors, Delft: Delft University Press. 1992. [13] Gordon W.J.J., Synectics, the development of creative capacity, New York: Harper & Row, 1961. [14] Laseau P., Graphic Thinking for Architects and Designers, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980. [15] Vosniadou S. and Ortony A., Similarity and analogical reasoning: A synthesis, in Vosniadou S. and Ortony A. (eds), Similarity and analogical reasoning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989, pp. 1-17. [16] Gentner D., Structure-mapping: a theoretical framework for analogy, Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, 1983, pp. 155-170. [17] Collins A., Burstein M., Afterword: a framework for a theory of comparison and mapping, In S Vosniadou and A Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 546- 565. [18] Daheler M. and Chen Z., Protagonist, theme, and goal object: effects of surface features on analogical transfer, Cognitive Development, Vol. 2, 1993, pp. 211- 229. [19] Finke R.A., Ward T.B. and Smith S.M., Creative cognition: theory, research and application, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992. [20] Gero J. and Maher M.L., Modeling creativity and knowledge-based creative design, in Gero J. and Maher. M.L. (eds), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 1993, pp. 1-7. [21] Gick M. and Holyoak K., Analogical problemsolving, Cognitive Psychology, Vol.12, 1980, pp. 306-355. [22] Weisberg R. and Alba J., Problem solving is not like perception: more on Gestalt theory, Journal of Experimental Psychology 111 (3), 1982, pp. 326-330. [23] Novick L. and Holyoak K., Mathematical problem-solving by analogy, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 17, No.3, 1991, pp. 398- 415. [24] Goldschmidt G., Visual Displays for Design: Imagery, Analogy and Databases, in Visual Databases in Architecture, Koutamanis A., Vermeulen I. and Timmermans H., Editors, Aldershot: Avebury, 1995, pp. 53-74. [25] Goldschmidt G., Visual Analogy in Design, in "Cybernetics and Systems, R. Trappl, Editor. Singapore: World Scientific, 1994, pp. 507-514. [26] Pierce K.A. and Gholson B., Surface similarity and relational similarity in the development of analogical problem-solving: isomorphic and nonisomorphic transfer, Developmental Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1994, pp. 724–737. [27] Heath T., Method in Architecture, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, 1984. [28] Broadbent G., Design in architecture: architecture and the human sciences, London, New York, Wiley, 1973. ]92 ]آنتونیادس آنتونی سی.، فرایند خالقیت در معماری، ترجمه: امید نیک فرجام، مجله زیباشناخت، شماره 2 ، .1386 [30] Schon D.A. and Wiggins G., Kinds of seeing and their functions in designing. Design Studies, Vol.13, No. 2, 1992, pp. 135-156. [31] Graves M., The necessity for drawing: tangible speculation. Architectural Design, Vol. 6, No. 77, 1977, pp. 384-394. [32] Oxman R., The reflective eye: visual reasoning in design, in Visual Databases in Architecture, Koutamanis A., Timmermans H., and Vermeulen I., Editors., Aldershot, Avebury, 1995, pp. 89-111. [33] Boden M.A., The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms, London, Georgia, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990. [34] Crowe N. and Laseau P., Visual Notes for Architects and Designers, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. [35] Corbusier L., The Chapel at Ronchamp, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1958. [36] Wright F.L., An Autobiography, New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943. [37] Sekler E.F. and Curtis W., Le Corbusier at Work, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978. [38] Schildt G., Alvar Aalto, The mature years, New York, Rizzoli, 1989. [39] Cappleman O. and Jordan M.J. Foundations in Architecture: an annotated anthology of beginning design projects, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1993. [40] Edwards B., Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain, Los Angles, Tarcher J.P., 1979. [41] Ching F., Architecture: form, space & order, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. [42] Lockard W.K., Drawing as a Means to Architecture, Tucson, Pepper Publishing, 1977. مهدی خاک زند و همکاران 154 نشریه علمی پژوهشی فناوری آموزش، سال چهارم، جلد 4 ،شماره 2 ،زمستان 8811 ]43 ]مهدیزاده سراج فاطمه ؛ مظفر فرهنگ و خاک زند مهدی، بررسی تحوالت معماری معاصر ایران با رویکردی به قیاس بصری در فرم ،جله هنر پژوهم ، 4شماره ، 1377 های ، صفحه 45 الی 11. ]44 ]فیضی محسن و خاک زند مهدی ، :ترسیم نمودارها فرایندبه کمکی طراحی معماری ، مجله بین المللی علوم مهندسی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت 1شماره ، ، 1378 الی 1های ، صفحه 11. [45] Blaser W., Santiago Calatrava, Engineering Architecture, Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1989. [46] Arup O., Address to the Prestressed Concrete Development Group, London, on 14 January 1965, in The Sydney Opera House Affair, Baume M., Editor, Sydney: Thomas Nelson, 1967. [47] Verstijnen I., Wagemans A., Heylighen A. and Neuckermans H., Sketching, Visual Analogies and Domain-Expertise, in Proceedings of 4th Design Thinking Research Symposium: Design Representation, Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp.71- 77.
CAPTCHA Image