Document Type : Original Research Paper
Authors
1 Architecture Department, Iran University of Science & Technology. Tehran. Iran
2 Architecture Department, Islamic Azad University (North Branch). Tehran. Iran
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness factors in the design of open space in educational centers for children and its relationship to learning. Because learning and convey the meaning is an inseparable part in every educational process, accordingly, the authors tried to introduce the theory which named (Seven Cs including: C1: character, C2: context, C3: connectivity, C4: change, C5: chance, C6: clarity, C7: challenge). The authors believe that using this method can provide a favorable environment and adaptable with the educational goals, i.e. increasing the quality of learning and efficiencies for the children. The method used in this research is directed-content-analysis which aims is a trying to develop a theory for greater efficiency. This theory results of the several year efforts by the experimental and survey method in Canada. Initially, the resources evaluated and analyzed, then extracted the significant factors in children's environment. Consequently, these factors are measured within (SevenCs) and finding showed that both of them are in one direction. Then it is providing the framework and principles for designing the educational open spaces, according to the different needs of children which can be a beneficial guide for designers. Finally, it can be said that these principles can prove the satisfaction and greater efficiency of educational concepts for children.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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[53] VandenBerg, A.E et al.; 2007, Preferencefor nature inurbanizedsocieties: stress, restoration, andthepur- suit ofsustainability. J.Soc. Issues63(1),79–96.
[54] Francis, J, et al.; 2012, "Creating sense of community: The role of public space".Journal of Environmental Psychology. 32 (4): 401–409.
[55] Bognar, B and Isozaki, A; 1983, Contemporary Japanese Architecture: Its Development and Challenge, Van Nostrand Reinhold: NY, USA.
[56] Bos, E.H, et al.; 2016, "A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (5): 492.
[57] Mir-Moghtadaei, M; 2004, "Criteria to Determine the Physical Identity of the Cities", Journal of Fine Arts (Architecture & Urbanism), No. 19, pp. 17-26. [In Persian].
[58] Lee, M and Lee, D; 2014, "Questioning Beliefs Surrounding Urban Sustainability: the Need for a Contextual Urban Model", Journal of Asia Architecture and Building Engineering, Vol.13 No.1.
[59] Open space design guidelines; 2008, Landcome, NSW, Australia, www.landcom.com.au.
[60] A guideline for making space; 2016, By Prof. Richard Stiles, Institute for Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, University of Technology, Vienna, This guideline is part of the project "UrbSpace" and available on: www.urbanspaces.eu, that is implemented through the CENTRA L Euro Pe Programme cofinanced by the ER DF.
www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/extendedschools.
[61] Costa, L. and Soares, F; 2009, Open Spaces and Connectivity in Landscape Design, 45th ISOCARP Congress 2009.
[62] Tardin, R; 2005, Sistema de espacios libres y reestruturación de los territórios urbanos”. In Reimondi, I. (coord) La Sustentabilidad Hoy. La Plata: Fundación CEPA.
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[64] www.forestschools.com; 2016.
[65] Design for Play: A guide to creating successful play spaces; 2008, Crown/Play England/Big Lottery Fund.
[66] Children’s Play Council, 2000, National Playing Fields Association and Playlink.
[67] Guidelines For Early Learning in Child Care Home Settings; 2010, California Department of Education, USA.
[68] Learning outdoors in the early years; 2005, edited by Carol Bratton et al., CCEA.
[69] www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/extended schools; 2016.
[70] Rosengren, K.E; 1981, ‘Advances in Scandinavia content analysis: An introduction’, in K. E. Rosengen (Eds.). Advances in content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 9-19.
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[73] Iman, M and Nowshadi, M; 2011, "Qualitative Content Analysis", Pazhuhesh, Vol.3. No.2, Fall & Winter. [In Persian]
[74] Hickey, G and kipping, C; 1996, "Issues in Research. A Multi-Stage Approach to the Coding of Data Form Openended Questions", Nurse Researcher, vol 4, pp. 81-91.
[75] Noghreh kar et al; 2009, "Scrolling on Explaining the Design Principles of Educational Facilities for Children", Armanshahr, No. 2, Spring & Summer, 74-68. [In Persian]
[76] Early Childhood Environmental Education Programs: Guidelines for Excellence; 2000, North American Association for Environmental Education.
[77] Landscape and Child Development; 2013, A design Guide for Early Years-Kidergarden Play-Learning Environments, Toronto District School Board, Canada.
[78] Reimagining outdoor learning spaces Primary capital, co-design and educational transformation, 1996, Futurelab handbook, 1 Canons Road, Harbourside, Bristol BS1 5UH, United Kingdom.
[79] Lafon, P; 1988, What you should know About the Psychological Roots of Your Children, translated by Mohammad Hossein Sarvari (Hamgam Publication) Tehran. Iran. [In Persian]
[80] Health, Well-Being and Open Space, Literature Review; 2003, Open space: the research centre for inclusive access to outdoor environments, Nina Morris, Edinburgh College of Art and Heriot-Watt University, UK.
[2] DFES; 2006, Learning Outside the Classroom Manifesto. DFES Publications, UK.
[3] Payne, Sarah; 2009, Openspace:peoplespace.J.Environ.Psychol. 29 (4),532–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.007.
[4] USGBC; 2009. LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renova- tions. U.S. Green Building Council.
[5] Thompson, C.W; 2011, Linkinglandscapeandhealth: the recurringtheme.Landsc.UrbanPlan.99, 187–195.
[6] Golchin,P et al.; 2011, "Visual Qualitative Assessment of Educational Facilities Based on the Preferences of Consumers (Case Study: University of Sistan and Baluchistan)", Ecology, 38th year, No. 62, Summer, pp. 135-150. [In Persian]
[7] Mozaffar, F et al.; 2006, "The Role of Neighborhood Open Spaces in the Development and Creativity of Children", Baghe-e Nazar, 4th year, Fall and Winter, pp. 59-72. [In Persian]
[8] An informational guide to young children’s outdoor play spaces 7Cs; 1992, This plant information was compiled from R. C. Moore J.I. Alber and D.M. Alber, and the Cornell University Poisonous Plant Informational Database-Hyperlink, www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/comlist.
[9] Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary; 2016, Available from: http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/character
[10] Open Space and Recreation Planner’s Workbook; 2008, The Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Division of Conservation Services, Robert O’Connor, Director Principal, authors: Melissa Cryan, Division of Conservation Services and Janet Curtis, EOEEA.
[11] Planning for Parks, Recreation, and Open Space in Your Community; 2005, Washington State Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recreation, Municipal Research & Services Center Seattle, Washington, USA.
[12] Local Open Space Planning Guide; 2004, This publication was prepared jointly by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and the Department of State in collaboration with the Hudson River Valley Greenway, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets and the Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, NYS, USA.
[13] Imam, S; 2013, ASSESSMENT AND REVIEW OF INFILL DESIGNS’ GUIDELINES FOR RESIDENTIAL URBAN CONSERVATION AREAS, International Journal for Housing Science, Vol.37, No.3 pp.137-149, USA.
[14] Miao, L; 2012, Exploration of Architectural Context from Aesthetics View, Studies in Sociology of Science, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012, pp. 75-79.
[15] Mattson, R.H; 1992, "Prescribing Health Benefits Through Horticultural Activities", in Relf, D. (ed) The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development: A National Symposium. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, pp. 161-168.
[16] NSW Heritage Office and the RAIA; 2011, Design in context, Design in context, Guideline for infill development in the historic environment, 2011, Written by Diane Beamer and Caroline Pidcock, on line version of this document is available on www.heritage.nsw.gov.au.
[17] Collins English Dictionary; 2016, Available from: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/connectivity
[18] Beunderman, J et al.; 2007, "Seen and Heard: Reclaiming the Public Realm with Children and Young People", London: Demos. UK
[19] www.foresteducation.org; 2016.
[20] Bigdeli Rad, V and Bin Ngah, I; 2013, "Public Spaces and Effective Factors on Social Interactions", International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.1.
[21] Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary; 2016, Available from: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/connection
[22] Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary; 2016, Available from: http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/change
[23] BTS; 2015, Available from: www.tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=de%F0i%FEim&ayn=tam>
[24] Oxford Dictionary; 2015, Available from: oxforddictionaries.com/definition/change?rskey=cCPaD8&result=1#m_en_gb0137260>
[25] BTS; 2015, Available from: www.tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=d%F6n%FC%FE%FCm&ayn=tam>
[26] Oxford Dictionary; 2010, Available from: oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0877380#m_en_gb0877380>
[27] Durmus, S; 2012, "Change and Transformation in Architecture: On the Concept of Zeitgeist", Global Built Environment Review, Vol.8.No.1. pp. 23-36.
[28] Wilson, R; 1993, Fostering a Sense of Wonder during the Early Childhood Years, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA. Greyden Press.
[29] Manolopoulou, Y; 2007, "The Active Voice of Architecture: An Introduction to the Idea of Chance", Field, 1 (1), pp. 62-72.
[30] Hume, D; 1980, quoted in Harriett Ann Watts, Chance: A Perspective on Dada, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press.
[31] Altman, I; 1980, Human Behavior and environment: advances in theory and research, Vol 10, Public Places and Spaces / edited by Irwin Altman and Erwin H. Zube, NY, Plenum Press, USA.
[32] Bagheri, M and Azemati, H.R; 2011, "Improving Children’s Creativity in School Environment (Architectural Space as Educational Curriculum), Journal of Curriculum Studies (J.C.S.), Vol.6 (22); pp. 163-184. [In Persian]
[33] Ittelson, W et al.; 1974, An introduction to Environmental psychology, Holt, NY, USA.
[34] Hanachi, P and Armaki, M; 2012, "Visual Perception Chizar District by the Youth", Studies on Islamic Iranian city, No 7, spring. [In Persian]
[35] Mousavi, M and Saeidi Mehr, S; 2011, "Intentional Approach to Sensory Perception", Research Journal of Islamic Philosophy and Theology of Shahid Beheshti University (Ayeneh-ye Marefat), 9th year, No 28, Fall. [In Persian]
[36] Babaei, M.R et al.; 2011, "An Introduction to the Concept of Transparency in the Contemporary Art and Architecture", Journal Association of architecture and urbanism of Iran, No. 3, Winter. [In Persian]
[37] Mahvash, M; 2006, "Quality of Light in Architecture: the Physical Personification, processing space", PhD thesis, Architecture and Urbanism Faculty, Tehran University, Iran. [In Persian]
[38] Fa.wiktionary.org/wiki, 2016.
[39] Cambridge Dictionary; 2016, Available from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/challenge
[40] Bateni, M.R; 1992, Bilingual contemporary culture-English-Persian, Contemporary culture Publication, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
[41] Rafsanjani, M and Habib, F; 2008, "Designing Urban Space as a Learning Tool for Children (Case Study: United States of America, NY)", Environmental Science and Technology, Volume I, No 4, winte. [In Persian]
[42] Shafaei, M and Madani, R; 2010, "Design Principles of Educational Facilities for Children Based on Creativity", Journal of Technology of Education, Vol. 4, No. 3, Spring, pp. 215-222. [In Persian]
[43] Pour Ja'far, M.R et al.; 2010, "Analyse Study of Children's Creativity Incentives in Urban Spaces and Environment's Design with Emphasis on Bringing up Cohesions Between Creativity and Physical Design of Urban Spaces", Urban Management, No. 25 Spring & Summer. [In Persian]
[44] Gharehbeiglu, M et al.; 2013, "Promote Interaction Between Children with Residential Outdoor Locations (Case Study: Three Types of Residential Street in the City of Tabriz)", Journal of Fine Arts (Architecture & Urbanism), Vol. 18, Issue 2, Summer, pp. 69-82. [In Persian]
[45] Noghreh kar, A et al.; 2015, "Principles for Designing the Educational Spaces Based on the Definition of the Human and Architecture from the Perspective of Islam", Journal of Architecture and Urbanism of Iran, Issue 10, Autumn and Winter, pp. 118-101.
[46] Erfanian Salim, M et al.; 2012, "Important Built-environmental Factors of Open Public Space in Kish Island, Iran", Journal Design + Built, Volume 5.
[47] Alterator, S and Deed, C; 2013, "Teacher Adaptation to Open Learning Spaces", Issues in Educational Research, 23(3).
[48] Amabile, T.M; 1990, Within you, without you: The social psychology of creativity and beyond. In M. A. Runco, & R. S. Albert (Eds), Theories in creativity (pp. 61-90). Yhousnd Oaks: Sage.
[49] Alborzi, M and Razavieh, A; 2011, "The Effects of External Motivation on Children Creativity", Advances in Cognitive Science, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2011, pp. 57-66. [In Persian]
[50] Gardner, J.P; 1982, Art, mind and brain: A cognitive approach to creativity, New York, USA, Basic Books.
[51] Amiri, Sh and Asa'di, S; 2007, "The Development of Children's Creativity", Cognitive Science News, 9th year, No 4, pp. 26-32. [In Persian]
[52] Scottish Natural Heritage; 2002, "The health, social, economic and environmental benefits of open-air recreation", Scottish National Heritage.
[53] VandenBerg, A.E et al.; 2007, Preferencefor nature inurbanizedsocieties: stress, restoration, andthepur- suit ofsustainability. J.Soc. Issues63(1),79–96.
[54] Francis, J, et al.; 2012, "Creating sense of community: The role of public space".Journal of Environmental Psychology. 32 (4): 401–409.
[55] Bognar, B and Isozaki, A; 1983, Contemporary Japanese Architecture: Its Development and Challenge, Van Nostrand Reinhold: NY, USA.
[56] Bos, E.H, et al.; 2016, "A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (5): 492.
[57] Mir-Moghtadaei, M; 2004, "Criteria to Determine the Physical Identity of the Cities", Journal of Fine Arts (Architecture & Urbanism), No. 19, pp. 17-26. [In Persian].
[58] Lee, M and Lee, D; 2014, "Questioning Beliefs Surrounding Urban Sustainability: the Need for a Contextual Urban Model", Journal of Asia Architecture and Building Engineering, Vol.13 No.1.
[59] Open space design guidelines; 2008, Landcome, NSW, Australia, www.landcom.com.au.
[60] A guideline for making space; 2016, By Prof. Richard Stiles, Institute for Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, University of Technology, Vienna, This guideline is part of the project "UrbSpace" and available on: www.urbanspaces.eu, that is implemented through the CENTRA L Euro Pe Programme cofinanced by the ER DF.
www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/extendedschools.
[61] Costa, L. and Soares, F; 2009, Open Spaces and Connectivity in Landscape Design, 45th ISOCARP Congress 2009.
[62] Tardin, R; 2005, Sistema de espacios libres y reestruturación de los territórios urbanos”. In Reimondi, I. (coord) La Sustentabilidad Hoy. La Plata: Fundación CEPA.
[63] Hilty, J.A et al.; 2006, Corridor Ecology: the science and practice of linking landscapes for biodiversity conservation. Washington: Island Press, USA.
[64] www.forestschools.com; 2016.
[65] Design for Play: A guide to creating successful play spaces; 2008, Crown/Play England/Big Lottery Fund.
[66] Children’s Play Council, 2000, National Playing Fields Association and Playlink.
[67] Guidelines For Early Learning in Child Care Home Settings; 2010, California Department of Education, USA.
[68] Learning outdoors in the early years; 2005, edited by Carol Bratton et al., CCEA.
[69] www.teachernet.gov.uk/wholeschool/extended schools; 2016.
[70] Rosengren, K.E; 1981, ‘Advances in Scandinavia content analysis: An introduction’, in K. E. Rosengen (Eds.). Advances in content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 9-19.
[71] Hsieh, H.F and Shanon, S.E; 2005, "Three Approaches to Content Analysis", Qualitativr Health Research, vol. 15, No.9.
[72] Potter, W.J. and Donnerstein, D; 1999, "Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis", Journal of Applied Communication Rcsearch, vol 27, pp. 258-284.
[73] Iman, M and Nowshadi, M; 2011, "Qualitative Content Analysis", Pazhuhesh, Vol.3. No.2, Fall & Winter. [In Persian]
[74] Hickey, G and kipping, C; 1996, "Issues in Research. A Multi-Stage Approach to the Coding of Data Form Openended Questions", Nurse Researcher, vol 4, pp. 81-91.
[75] Noghreh kar et al; 2009, "Scrolling on Explaining the Design Principles of Educational Facilities for Children", Armanshahr, No. 2, Spring & Summer, 74-68. [In Persian]
[76] Early Childhood Environmental Education Programs: Guidelines for Excellence; 2000, North American Association for Environmental Education.
[77] Landscape and Child Development; 2013, A design Guide for Early Years-Kidergarden Play-Learning Environments, Toronto District School Board, Canada.
[78] Reimagining outdoor learning spaces Primary capital, co-design and educational transformation, 1996, Futurelab handbook, 1 Canons Road, Harbourside, Bristol BS1 5UH, United Kingdom.
[79] Lafon, P; 1988, What you should know About the Psychological Roots of Your Children, translated by Mohammad Hossein Sarvari (Hamgam Publication) Tehran. Iran. [In Persian]
[80] Health, Well-Being and Open Space, Literature Review; 2003, Open space: the research centre for inclusive access to outdoor environments, Nina Morris, Edinburgh College of Art and Heriot-Watt University, UK.
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